^' 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLETIN NO. 116. 



A. C. TRUE, Director. 



DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CITT 



IN 



189e> and 1897. 



BY 



W. 0. ATWATER, Ph. D., 

Oljir'' of Ivrjirrliiieni Slut ions, 



A. P. BRYANT, M. S., 

AxslstdiU in Xutritinii Jiutsligations. 




ifBh/'nr 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
19 2. 



SEP 




Book ^ ^^ 



-r 



1 



^ T 



y. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICUETURE. 

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLETIN NO. 116. 

A. C. TRUE, Director. 



J' 2-- 6 



DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YOUK CITY 



189(3 and 1897. 



W. O. ATWATER, Ph. D., 

Professor of VhemiMnj, W'cx/ci/dn I'nin rtfilji: < 'liirf af JS'iitvition I iiresligal tail's, 
(Iffwr iif Exjicriiui'iil Staliaiis, 



A. P. BRYANT, M. 3., 

Ai^siMaid in yuli-lLlun Iiircsligatid-iis. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1902. 






I 



TX5S 

■A ^-2^ 



OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

A. C. True, Ph. D., Direrlor. 

E. W. Allen, Ph. D., Assistant Director and Editor of Exprrimnd Station Record. 
C. F. Langu'okthy, Ph. D., Editor and Expert on Foods (did Animal Production. 

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS, MIDDLETOWN, CONN. 

W. O. At\vater, Ph. D., Chief of Nutrition Investigations. 
C. D. AVooDs, B. 8., Special Agent at Orono, Me. 

F. (t. Benedict, Ph. D., Physiological Chemist. 
R. D. Milner, Ph. B., Editorial Assistant. 



V 


K 


5rS 








h' 


U 


^ 




^ 





IJnir.R OF TRANSMITTAL 



U. S. Dki'artment of Ach [culture, 

Office of Experiisient Stations, 

W>/.'^/u'ji^/fo/t, I). C, J>ili/'2, 100'2. 

Sir: In order to socun* satisfactory dietury standards, it is neces- 
sary to know the amounts of food actually consumed l)y a considerable 
number of persons ol" ditt'erent food habits and living under different 
circumstances as I'ciiards oc('uj)ati()n and enyii'onment. The studies 
made under the auspices of this I)e])artment have furnished nuich infor- 
mation regarding- the dietaries of farmers, prt)fessional men, laborers, 
mechanics, college and university students (botli men and women), 
persons of limited incomes living in large citi(\s, etc. The studies 
reported herewith were made with families for the most part in ]X)or 
circumstances, living in the thickly congested districts of New York 
City. The statistics regarding the families studied and their food 
consumption were gathered by Dr. Isabelle Delaney. Almost without 
exception the families were of the type frequiMitiy receiving help from 
charitable organizations. In some cases the income was as large as 
many families live upon in comparative comfort. In other cases the 
income was very small. 

The data recorded show that the lack of proper food was frequently 
due to ignorance in buying and preparing it, or to sonn^ similar cause. 
Before the condition of families like inany of those studied can be per- 
manently improved, it is necessary to learn the errors which are com- 
monly made in their domestic economy. Studies like those reported 
are a help in this regard. Indeed, the results already obtained haye 
been made use of by the New York Society for the Improvement of 
the Condition of the Poor, which cooperated with this Department in 
carrying on this investigation. 

The investigations were made under the immediate direction of the 
chief of the nutrition investigations. Prof. \V. O. Atwater, of Wes- 
leyan University. 

The report is submitted with the recommendation that it be published 
as Bulletin No. llC. of this Office. 

A. C. True, 

Director. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

3 



CONTENTS 



Page. 

Introduction ' 

Dietary stndies in New York City S 

Details of the studies liere reported •' 

Dietary study of a jiripnian's family (No. 154) 10 

Dietary study of a longshoreman's family (No. 15.'i) 12 

Dietary study of a })lumV)er's family (No. 158) 14 

Dietary study of a washerwoman's family (No. 15i) ) Ifi 

Dietary study of a truekman's family (No. 160) 17 

Dietary study of a washerwoman's family (No. 161 ) 10 

Dietary study of a longshoreman's family (No. 162) 21 

Dietary study of a carpenter's family ( No. 166) 22 

Dietary study of a carpenter's family ( No. 167 ) 24 

Dietary study of a housekeeper's family (No. 168) 25 

Dietary study of a caretaker's family ( No. 1 70) 27 

Dietary study of a tanner's family ( No. 1 71 ) 29 

Dietary study of a foundryman's family ( No. 1 72 ) HO 

Dietary study of a truckman's family (No. 177) 33 

Dietary study of a longshoreman's family (No. 1 78 ) 34 

Dietary study of a carpenter's family (No. 180) 36 

Dietary study of a sail rigger's family ( No. 183) 38 

Dietary study of a day laborer's family (No. 185) 39 

Dietary study of a fruit vender's family (No. 186) - 40 

Dietary study of a watchman's family (No. 187) 42 

Dietary .study of a bookbinder's family (No. 188) 44 

Dietary study of a butcher's family (No. 192) 45 

Dietary study of a sail rigger's family ( No. 193) 46 

Dietary study of a washerwoman's family ( No. 194) 48 

Dietary study of a stableman's family ( No. 195 ) 49 

Dietary study of a truckman's family ( No. 196) 51 

Dietary study of a huckster's family ( No. 197) 52 

Dietary study of a longshoreman's family (No. 198) 54 

Dietary study of a carpenter's family ( No. 199 ) 56 

Dietary study of a painter's family ( No. 200) 57 

Dietary study of an exi)ressman's family ( No. 201 ) 59 

Dietary study of a waiter's family ( No. 204 ) 61 

Dietary study of a landlord's family (No. 205 ) 62 

Dietary study of a caretaker' s family ( No. 206 ) 63 

Dietary study of a sailor's family (No. 209) 64 

Dietary study of a housekeeper's family (No. 210) 66 

Summary and discussion 68 

Pecuniary economy of food purchased 69 

Summary of amounts of nutrients and energy per man per day 73 

Conclusion - 77 

A 1 tpendix 79 

5 



DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CITY IN 1896 

AND kSg;. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The most relial)lo data concei'iiing- the food coiisninption ot people 
of different nationality, age, sex, and occupation, living under diti'er- 
ent financial and hygienic conditions, are obtained by means of dietary 
studies. These have been carried on quite actively in the United 
States during recent years, to some extent l)y independent investi- 
gators, but more extensively by individuals and institAitions in differ- 
ent parts of the country working in cooperation with the ITnited 
States Department of Agriculture. A num))erof these investigations 
were made with families with very limited incomes, more particularly 
those living in the congested districts of some of the larger cities, so 
that considerable information concerning the normal and usual food 
consumption of such persons has accunudated. The information thus 
obtained is of much importance, for besides being of direct value to 
those interested in imjn-ovingthe conditions of the less favored classes 
of the community, it forms an indispensaliie part of the general data 
of an adequate and comprehensive science of nutrition, especially in 
establishing dietary standai'ds. 

The present bulletin reports thirty-six studies made under the aus- 
pices of the Department of Agriculture among peoph^ with very lim- 
ited means living in the more congested districts of New York City. 
They are a contiiuiation of })revious studies," which were similar in 
character to studies carried on about the same time in Pittsburg''' and 
in Chicago.'" Studies made among Mexican families in New Mexico'' 
and among negroes in Alabama' and Virginia' show the food con- 
sumption of people with very limited means l)ut not crowded together 
in cities. 

Among other studies made among families of very limited means in 

« U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations BuL 46. 

f> U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bnl. 52. 

cU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 55. 

<fV. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Exjieriment Stations Buls. 40 an<l 54. 

^ U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Kxj)eninent Stations Bui. .'>S. 

/ U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experinient Stations Biil. 71. 



this country that might l)e especially mentioned here is an extensive 
series carried on ])v Miss Amelia Shapleigh, with the aid and super- 
vision of Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, among poor families in Philadelphia 
and Chicago," but not yet pul)lished in detail. Some interesting studies 
were also undertaken in Hartford, Conn,, by Miss Helen M. Hall 
under the joint auspices of the Hartford School of Sociology and the 
Storrs (Conn.) Experiment Station.^' 

Investigations of a similar nature have been carried on in other 
countries. Among these the recent dietary studies among laboring 
classes in Edinl)urgh by Drs. Noel, Paton, J. Craufurd Dunlop, and 
Elsie M. Inglis,' and those of laborers' families in York, England, 
made by Mr. B. Seebohm Rowntree,'' are of particular interest in this 
connection, both because of their large intrinsic importance and because 
they were carried on l)y the same methods as those of the studies 
here reported and amojig famlUes in much the same circumstances. 

DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CITY. 

As already suggested, the ])articular purpose of the iiivestigations 
reported on the following pages and in the hulh^tin previou.sly men- 
tioned' was to obtain reliable data concerning the food consumption of 
the classes of peoph^ living in the crowded districts of New York City. 
It seemed most advisable to make dietary studies among selected fam- 
ilies that were believed to 1)e representative of the regions in which 
t\w\ lived. To make such a selection, how(n(M', and to secure accurate 
and reiia})le statistics, it was necessary that the work be done by some 
one who w^as in sympathy with the peoph' and familiar with their daily 
life. Those who are brought officially and personally into direct con- 
tact with them and have the opportunity and the means for studying 
their modes of life it is believed can ))est collate the facts regarding 
their food, what they buy, how much they pay for it, how they cook 
jind eat it, and how in an}' or all of these respects improvements can 
be made. Such favorable conditions were. secured in these investiga- 
tions ])v the cooperation of the New York Association for the Improve- 
ment of the Condition of the Poor, one of the oldest and largest 
benevolent associations in the United States, which had the advantages 
of large resources, long experience, and close connection with the 
people in the congested (piarters of the city. The selection of the 
families to be studied and the collection of the various statistics regard- 
ing their circumstances and their food consumption devolved upon 
Dr. Isabelle Delaney, whose long experience in mission work, and 

« "A study of dietaries." Partial report of Dutton Fellow, College Settlements 
Association, 1892-9.3. 

&Conn. (Storrs) Sta. Rpt. 1896, p. 117. 

cDiet of Laboring Classes in Edinburgh. 

'^Poverty, a Study of Town Life, p. 222. 

«U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bnl. 46. 



9 

especially as the family ph^'sician of a v(M'y laryc nuinhor of ])eo]ilo in 
the reg-ions referred to. gave her umisiuil opportunities for under- 
standing the people and their conditions, experiences, and ideas, while 
her S3'rapathy with them and their contidence in her secured the freest 
admission to their homes to herself and anyone she brought with her. 
In addition to those alread}^ reported (see p. 7), studies of thirty- 
six families were made during 189H and 1897, the details of which jire 
here given. The families selected represented many nationaliti(\s and 
occupations. The range in total income per family was from an 
amount not sufficient to buy the actual necessities of life to an amount 
equal to that upon which families in other connnunities have been 
found to live comfortably. In some instances the persons studied 
were slovenly and thriftless, taking little interest in their homes. 
Other familie,s, though ignorant, were willing and anxious to learn 
how to impi'ove their habits of living. 

DETAILS OF THE STUDIES HERE REPORTED. 

The studies were carried on, and the tinal results were (calculated, 
according to methods described in detail in previous bulletins." The 
data sought included (1) the nsitionality, age, sex, and occupation of 
the diflerent members of the family and their general physical condi- 
tion; (2) the income of the family; (;^)) the expenditures for rent and 
for food; (4) the kind, ({uality, and (juantity of the food consumed; 
and (5) the number of meals taken by each person present during the 
study. From these data and the standard tables showing the compo- 
sition and fuel value of the ditferent food materials used the quantities 
of nutrients and energy consumed per man per day were computed. 
It was then possible, upon comparison with the results of similar 
studies elsewhere and with recognized standards, to judge whether the 
families studied were properly nourished, and whether they were wise 
in their selection and purchase of food; also to poi)it out, in many 
instances, how a more nutritious diet might have been obtained at the 
same cost, or one equally nutritious for less. 

The results of the thirty -six dietary studies are given in the follow- 
ing pages. The text and the tal)les for each study contain all the data 
from which the cost and quantities of nutrients and energy per man 
per day have been computed. The tinal tigures represent very nearly, 
if not exactly, the amounts actually consumed, as, although the waste 
was not determined, in the majority of cases it was observed to be 
very small, if indeed there was any at all. The circumstances of most 
of the families positively prohibited their throwing aw\ay any edible 
material. 

No analyses were made in connection with these studies. The com- 
position of each of the diflerent food materials used was assumed to 

« U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 4H, and others given in list 
on cover of ttiis bulletin. 



10 

be the same as that g-iven in tables of average con.position of food 
materials." The percentages of nutrients and the fuel values employed 
for calculating the amounts of nutritive ingredients in these dietaries 
are given in Table 47 in the Appendix. The numbers in the column 
headed "Reference number''' in this table are the same as those given 
in parentheses in connection with the weights and cost of the food 
materials in the table for each dietarj^ studj% and thus serve to indicate 
the data used to calculate the quantities of nutrients in the different 
materials. 

The fuel values of the nutrients were calculated ]\v the use of the 
same factors as were employed in previous bulletins. Somewhat 
smaller factors have been proposed recently/ but the older factors 
have been here retained in order that these studies may be directly 
comparable with those previously reported. 

In several instances in the following pages there is given in the dis- 
cussion of the dietary a table showing the price per pound of the 
various food materials purchased, the amounts of protein and energy 
in i pound, and the total (inantity of each material and of protein and 
energy that could l)e obtained for 10 cents at the given price per 
pound, as well as the total amount expended for each food during the 
period of study. By the figures in such a table it is possible to form 
an estimate of the pecuniary economy of the diU'erent materials at the 
prices paid. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A GRIPMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 154). 

This study was made with a family consisting of the father, the 
mother, and one child. The father was a strong, healthy man, Amer- 
ican born, weighing '2'M) pounds, and was employed as gri])man on a 
cable car. He was on duty from noon until midnight, and usually 
took one meal each day away from home. The mother, Italian l)orn, 
was strong and healthy, and weighed 175 pounds. She was a capable 
housewife. The boy, 14 years of age, weighed 75 pounds, and was 
rather delicate. The income of the family was $12 per week, of which 
'$'4.50 was taken ])v the father to pay for his meals away from home. 
Thirteen dollars a month rent was paid for three rooms, two well- 
lighted and one on an air shaft. The family was well dressed and 
carried considerable insurance, hut saved nothing otherwise. 

The study began June 1. 1896, and continued ten days. The number 
of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Man 22 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Boy, 14 years (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 70 

Equivalent to one man twenty-three days. 

"U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 28. 

''By the present writers. See Conn. (Storrs) Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 110. 



11 

Taklk 1. — ]Vc'uj]ih (uid c()i<l iiffdod and mdriimls in d'u'iani hIikUi Xa. l/>4. 



Kinds, aiiiouiits, and cost of food for trii days. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beof: Sirloin, 2.3S pounds, 42 eents (33); bologna, 
().'J5 iiound, 5 cents (1); gelatin, 0.44 i)ound,7 cents 
iirn. Veal: Clioiis. 4. 9;> pounds, (it) cents (.'S4) 

I'urk: Ciiops, 4:! pmuids, 4 cents (GO); ham, smoked, 
.').25 pounds, 03 cents ((id) 

Poultry: Chicken, 3.37 pounds, 40 cents (83) 

Fish, etc.: Cod, fresh, 1.U9 pounds, 2.5 cents (90); her- 
rings, smoked, 1 pound, 10 cents (9(1); oysters, 2.19 
pounds, 20<-cuts (101) ! 

Kkxs, i;.:u piiunds, .S3 cents (11.5) 

Butter, 2.7.5 pounds, 47 cents (118) 

Cheese, 1.75 pounds, 2.5 cents (120) 

Milk, 24.02 pounds, (■)2 cents (124) 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



2.9 
1.7 



2.4 
3.0 
2.0 
1.1 



Total animal food 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

(Cereals: Rice. 0.50 pound, 4 cents (130); l)reail, 14. ,50 
pounds, 04 cents (134); cake, 2.94 pounds, 2.S cents 
(142) ; macaroni, 2.60 pounds, 15 cents (158) 

Sugar, (1 pounds, 'A2 cents ( 109) 

Vegetables: Asjuiragus, 1 pound, 10 cents (174); let- 
tuce, 4.30 pounds, 22 cents (193); onions, 2.51 
pounds, cents (l.9.5i: potatoes, 14.20 pounds, 45 
cents (204); radislirs. :i.24 pounds, 13 cents (208); 
tomatoes, canned, l;;.OI pounds, 51 cents (210) 

Fruits: Bananas, (i. (.9 pnund, 5 ccuts (22.5): cherries. 
0.87poiuid, lOcents (227 ); strawberries, 2.70 pounds, 
25 cen ts (239 ) 



Protein. 



Total vegetable food 
Total food 



4.S 
1.4 



Grams. 



Fat. 



Gro.ms. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Fuel 
value. 



Calories. 



410 
165 



194 
432 
153 
340 



2, 080 



1 , 200 
484 



357 
54 



4,175 



» The numbers in parentheses after each food material in this and succeeding tables refer to 
corresponding numbers in Table 47, ]). 79. 



The diet in thi.>^ .study was unusuidly l;iru-e; hut, on the other hand, 
the father and mother were unusually heavy and the man wa.s at 
rather hard muscular work. Based on the standard of 1-J5 g-raras of 
protein and 2,500 calories of energy for a man at moderate work, it 
would a])pear that the family had more food than they needed. Tak- 
ing into account, however, their weight and the occin)ation of the 
father, it is prohahle that they were receiving al)out what would sat- 
isfy the physiological demands of the body. 

According to the stati.stics of the study the food cost at)out -1^5.75 
per week, or, approximatel3^ half the income. This sum was equiva- 
lent to 30 cents pei\ man })er day, which, though jierhaps not excessive 
considering the variety of food materials and the<}uantity of nutrients 
and energy obtained, \yas nevertheless larger than was necessary. 
Yet there was evidently careful management, as is shown by the variety 
in the food obtained at the price paid and also by the fact that there 
wa.s no waste, " left-over" pieces lieing carefully utilized. 

The relative economy of the food luaterials })urchased by this 
familv is illustrated bv the figures in the following tal>le: 



12 



Table 2. 



-Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained 
for 10 cents in eacli, In dietary study No. 154- 



Kind of food material. 



Beef, sirloin 

Veal chops 

Smoked ham 

Chicken 

Fish, fresh (assumed as cod ) . 

Herring, smoked 

Oysters 

Eggs 

Butter 

Cheese 

Milk 

Bread 

Cake 

Macaroni 

Sugar 

Green vegetables: Asparagus 

lettuce, onions, radishes 

Potatoes 

Tomatoes, canned 

Fruits: Bananas, cherries, 

strawberries 



Price per 
pound. 



Cents. 
17.6 
12. 2 
12.0 
11.9 
14.8 
10.0 
9.1 
13.1 
17.1 
14.3 
2.6 
4.4 
9.5 
6.0 
5.3 

4.6 
3.2 
3.9 



In 1 pound. 



Protein. 



Pound. 
0. 165 
.199 
. 142 
.193 
.165 
.205 
.060 
.148 
.010 
. 2.59 
.033 
. 092 
.063 
.134 



.022 
.012 



Fuel 
value. 



Calories. 

985 

825 

1,675 

1,045 

325 

750 

230 

720 

3,605 

1,950 

325 

1,215 

1,675 

1,665 

1,860 



385 
105 



Amount bought for 10 cents. 



Total 
food. 



Pounds. 

0.57 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.68 

1.00 

1.10 

.76 

.59 

.70 

3. s.'S 

2. 27 

1.05 

1.67 

1.89 

2.17 
3.13 
2. .55 



Protein. 



Fuel 
value. 



Pound. 
0.09 
.16 
.12 
.16 
.11 
.21 
.07 
.11 



.18 
.13 
.21 
.07 
.22 



Calories. 

555 

675 

1,395 

890 

215 

755 

260 

.545 

2, 105 

1,360 

1,250 

2, 745 

1,760 

2, 780 

3, 485 

280 

1 , 220 

265 



Total 
amount 

ex- 
pended 
during 

studv. 



Cents. 



42 
60 
63 
40 
25 
10 
20 
83 
47 
26 
62 
64 
28 
15 
32 

51 

45 
51 

40 



The prices paid for various food materials were, as a rule, ver\' 
reasonable. Fresh bread at 4.4 cents a pound was cheap, and, together 
with macaroni at (5 cents a pound, formed by far the most (Monomical 
source of both protein and energy in the diet. As compared with the 
protein and energy obtained for the money expended for bread and 
macaroni, it is interesting to note the amounts ()])tuin('d in H) cents' 
worth of gi'een vegetables, canned tomatoes, and fruits. L)uring the 
time of the .study $1.42 was expended for these latter materials, the 
amount of nutrients obtained being about the same a . in 1.5 cents' 
worth of bread. The meats used were the more expensive cuts. Had 
they bought the cheaper cuts of meat and used less oysters and fewer 
eggs, the cost of the diet might have been reduced materially. If, in 
addition, .some of the money expended for canned tomatoes, fresh 
fruit, and green vegetables had been used to purchase more econom- 
ical food, the diet might have l)een .still further reduced in cost, and at 
the .same time have been equally or more nutritious. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 155). 

The family in this study was beli(»ved to be typical of a large class 
living "from hand to mouth," buying food in small quantities as wanted 
for each meal. The members of the famil}^ were the father, the mothei', 
the grandmother, and four boys, aged, respectively, 13, 11, S, and 3 
years. The father, Irish born, was a longshoreman, weighing 160 
pounds, and rather quiet in disposition and stolid. His income varied 
with the amount of work he could get. During the period of study 
he was earning about $8 per week. The mother, weighing 130 pounds, 



18 

was thrifty and hard working. She took care of the halls in the build- 
in*;- in which the family lived. For this service she was allowed rooms 
which would prol)al)ly have rented for about $1'S per month; she also 
did washing and cleaning- when the father was out of work and it was 
necessary for her to earn money. 'J'he gi-andmother was strong and 
well and did considerable housework. The boys were small for their 
age and sickly, and ai)peared to be insufficiently nourished. The oldest 
was (Mupioyed as errand boy and earned $1.50 a week. The family 
occupied four very small, dark rooms, in only one of which was a win- 
dow that would admit miich light or air, the other three opening- upon 
an air shaft. The dimensions of each of the two l)edroonis were (5 by 
7 feet. 

The study began June 3, 1896, and continued ten days. The num))er 
of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Man 30 

Two women (60 nicaln X 0.8 meal of man), e(]uivalent to 48 

Two boys, lo and 11 years (60 meals X 0.(>"meal of man), eijuiva- 

lent to o6 

One l)oy, 8 years (80 meals X OJ^ meal of man), equivalent to 15 

One boy, 3 years (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Visitor 2 

Total num)>er of meals taken e(]uivalent to : 143 

Equivalent to one man forty-ei.irht days. 



Table 3. — Weights (oul cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 155. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL KOOD. 

Beef: Steak, ohiick, T; pounds, 48 cents (27); sotip, 
fore shank, 1.51 pounds, 9 cents (23); corned bris- 
ket, "J.r> pounds, tiO cents (4); tripe, .'i.88 pounds, 30 
cents (:;s ) ; suet. 0.38 pound (37) 


Cents. 

3.1 

1 S 


Grams. 

33 

13 


drama. 
31 

:>o 



1 

30 

9 


Grams. 


Calories. 
424 


I'ork: Ham, lioiled, O..SS pound, 21 cents (64); spare- 
rib, roast, .'1.02 pounds, 53 cents(81); pig's head, 2.06 
pounds, 10 cents (70); lard, 0.50 pound, 6 cents (69) . 

Fish- Cod fresh 6 5 pounds 28 cents (89) 




332 


.6 1 7 
.2 1 
1.5 
1.2 1 7 




29 






13 






279 


Milk, 23.62 pounds, 56 cents (124) 


li' 


158 






Total animal food . 


8.4 


61 


101 


11 


1.235 






vi;getable food. 
Cereals: Broad, 7.5 pounds, 39 cents (131); bread. 


1.4 

.8 

1.8 


24 


3 



1-24 
62 

60 


634 


Sugar- 6.5 pounds, 39 cents (169) 


254 


Vegetables: Beans, string, 2 pounds, 7 cents (177); 
cabbage. 4.82 pounds. 10 cents (179); cucumbers, 
0.87 pound, 5 cents (186); onions, 1.19 pounds. 3 
cents (195); potatoes. 31.18 po\tnds, 55 cents (204); 


9 


1 


292 








4.0 


33 


4 


246 ! 1,180 






Total food 


12.4 


94 


105 


257 


2,415 







«This factor was used instead of the more common one because the boys were 
small for their ages. 



14 

The expenditures for food in this dietary were on the Avhole well 
made. In spite of the fact that food was purchased in small amounts, 
and that there was an unnecessar}' though pleasing variety of yege- 
tables, the cost per man })er da}^ was but 12.4 cents. The ration was, 
however, deficient in protein and especially lacking in energy. Had 
half the li?> cents expended for fresh vegetal)les, other than potatoes, 
been expended for dried beans, and the 39 cents used to purchase fresh 
bread been spent for "stale" bread (that is, liread a day old but not 
so old as to l)e unpalatable or unwholesome) at the i)rice paid for the 
latter, the ration per man per day would have been increased by 25 
grams of protein and 510 calories of energ3^ While this would have 
reduced the variety in the diet to some extent it woidd have pei-haps 
improved the general condition of the children, who seemed insuffi- 
ciently nourished. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A PLUMBER'S FAMILY (NO. 158). 

This family consisted of the father, an American, 28 years old, 
weighing 110 pounds; the mother, 2H years old, weighing 125 pounds; 
and two daughters, respiH-tively 1 and 2 years old and rather small 
for their age. The grandfather, aged 74 years, weighing 150 pounds; 
a great uncle, 75 years old, weighing IHO pounds; and an uncle, 28 
years, weighing 135 pounds, also li\ed with them. The father, a 
steamfitter's helper, was a strong, healthy man, ))ut was idle at the 
time and did not seem anxious to woik. His wife was thrifty and 
neat and a good manager. She and the two children appeared to be 
poorly nourished. The grandfather was in good health but without 
ambition. The great uncle earned his pocket money but contributed 
nothing to his support. The uncle, who was a plumber, paid $5 a 
week for support of himself and the great uncle. He took his din- 
ners away from home. The family occupied three rear rooms, for 
which they paid $S.5(» a month rent. One room was lighted from the 
rear yard, the other two opened on a hall and an air shaft. Two 
beds and a lounge served as sleeping quarters for the seven people. 
They lived in the easiest manner possible, set no table, bought their 
food by the meal, cooked it in the simplest manner, sat out of doors 
until late at night, and slept late in the morning. The food purchased 
was of poor quality, the milk being especially so. 

The study began July 21, 1896, and continued ten days. The luunber 
of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Men (four) Ill 

"Woman (29 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 23 

Two children, 4 and 2 years (60 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equiva- 
lent to 24 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 158 

Equivalent to one man fifty-three days. 



15 

Table 4. — Weiglitx and cost of food and niitnnds hi. diiinri/ Mudij Xo. 158. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Brisket, eorned, 6.31 pounds, 39 cents (4); 
steak, chuck, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (27); steak, 
round, 2 pounds, 22 cents (29); tripe, 1 pound, 6 
cents (39). Mutton: Shoulder, 1.75 pounds, Scents 
(60) ■ hreast SO pound, 8 cents (-10) 


Cnil)'. 

1.9 
1.5 


(iram.<. 

21 

s 
1 

4 


Ornins. 
26 


GraviK. 


Valorifs. 
291 


Pork: Chops, O.SQ pound, 10 cent.s (60); shoulder, 
smoked, 5.25 pounds, 43 cents (79) ; bacon, 2 pounds, 
2"' cents (59)" lard 13 pound 2 cents (69) 




275 


Fish: Clams, 1 pound, 10 cents (85) 

Eggs 3 34 pounds 40 cents (114) ' 


.2 
.1 


1 


8 


3 

20 

6 


45 




1.0 

.9 




1S6 


Milk, 16.92 pounds, 47 cents (124) 


5 


7 


1U5 








6.2 


39 


77 


s 


910 






VEGETABt^E FOOD. 

Cereals: Bread, 20.56 pounds, 54 cents (1:38); cake, 1 


1.2 
.9 


20 


3 


100 
66 

39 


.520 




270 


Vegetables: Calil^aKC, 3.69 pounds, 9 cents (179); corn, 
2.25 pounds, s cents (1X4): unions,!. 07 pounds, 4 
cents (195); potatoes, 19.43 pounds, ;32 cents (204); 
tomatoes, fresh, 5 pounds, 10 cents (215); tomatoes. 


1.3 


5 


1 


190 








Total vegetable food 


3.4 


25 


4 205 


980 


Total food 


9.6 


64 


81 


213 


1,890 







The amounts of protein and energy per man per day in this dietary 
were but little more than half of what is called for by the ordinary 
standard for a man at moderate work. Although the father was out 
of work at the time, and therefore required less food than if he had 
been actively employed, and two of the other men in the family did no 
work, still if the results g-iven represent the average food consump- 
tion of the family it is not surprising that some of them appeared to 
be undernourished. 

Considerable improvement in the nutritive value of the diet could have 
been made by diminishing the amounts of some of the foods selected 
and the substitution of others not used at all. For instance, animal 
foods were purchased in larger amounts and greater variety than was 
necessary, over three-fifths of the total expenditure having been for 
such materials, while but about one-eighth was for the cereals, which 
constitute the most economical source of nutriment ordinarily obtain- 
able. They used no legumes, and no oatmeal, wheat, or other cereal 
foods, except bread and cake. The cabbage, corn, onions, and toma- 
toes cost more than the potatoes used, though they furnished less than 
half as much protein, and but little more than quarter the energy 
obtained in the potatoes. Had half of the $2.15 expended for meat, 
fish, and eggs been expended for bread, corn meal, oatmeal, dried 
beans and peas, and the like, the quantity of nutrients in the diet 



would have been greatly increased, while the co.st would have remained 
the same. With proper cooking, the diet thus modified would doubt- 
less have been no less attractive than the usual fare. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A WASHERWOMAN'S FAMILY NO. 159). 

The members of the famih' here studied were the mother, 38 years 
of age, and six children — four girls, aged respectively 17, 1-i, 5, and 3 
years, and two bo3^s, aged respectively 10 and 7 years. The weights 
of all except the two younger girls were respectively 130, 140, 125, 
85, and 05 pounds. The mother, English born, was refined and intel- 
ligent, her first husl)and having been a clergyman; her second mar- 
riage, however, had been unfortunate. The members of the family 
were not strong and found it difficult to obtain sufficient food for 
proper nourishment. The mother endeavored to support the family 
by washing and by house cleaning. A daughter, not living at home, 
contributed $5 a month toward the rent. A sailor, 19 j^ears old, weigh- 
ing 150 })()unds, boarded with the family during three days of the 
study, paying $2.15. Provisions were bought for cash by the meal at 
small markets. There was no visible waste and but very little refuse. 
The family occupi(>d three well-lighted rooms for which they paid f>10 
a month. The rent was low for the localit}', owing to the fact that 
the building was notorious for crimes that had been committed in it, 
and the rooms were not in demand. 

The stud}' began July 21, 1890, and continued ten days. Three of 
the children went to the country before the close of the study. The 
numl)er of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Two girls, 17 and 14 years old (19 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equiva- 
lent to - 13 

Boy, 10 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 

Boy, 7 years old (28 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 14 

Two girls, 5 and 3 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), e(|uiva- 

lent to 12 

Boarder 7 

Visit(»r 2 

Total number of meals taken ('(|ulvalent to 90 

Equivalent to one man tliirty da\.'^. 



17 



Tablk 5. — \Vrights avd cosl of faod ami iiiitriciils in (lictitvii stiuli/ iVo. 159. 



Kiniis, iiiriouiits. mikI cost iif food for Icii (lay> 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Liver, 2 pounds, 14 cents (18); sausage, bolo- 
gna, 0.25 pound, 5 cents (1); shank, fore, 3 pounds, 
20 cents (23): steak, round, 2 pound.s, 24 cents (29); 
steak, skirt, 2 pounds, 14 cents (3.')); steak, sirloin, 
1 pound, 12 cents (33) 

Pork: Bacon, 1 pound', 12 cents (59); chops, 2.5 
pounds, 20 cents (61 ) 

P'ish: Fresh mackerel, 3pounds,15eents(97); canned 
.salmon, 2 i>ounds. 10 cents (104) 

Eggs, 0.:!2 pound, ■) cents (114) 

Butter, 1 pound, 20 cents (118) 

Milk, ll.s;', pounds, ;3r) cents (124) 

Milk, condensed, 2.5 pound.s, 22 cents ( 125) 

Total animal food 



VEOKTABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, 1 pound, 5 cents (131): oatmeal, 3.51 
pounds, 8 cents (128); bread, rye, fi pounds, 17 
cents (13ti): bread, wheat, 17.15 pounds, 86 cents 
(138); soda biscuit, 2.5 pounds, 25 cents (i;'.9); 
cakes, 1 pound, 10 cents (142); crackers, 6 ]iounds, 
26 cents (1-53): apple pie, 0.25 pound, 10 cents (160). 

Sugar, 4 jiouuds, 22 cents (169) 

Vcgctaliles: Canned corn, 2 pounds, 9 cents (185); 
onions, 1 pound, 4 cents (195); potatoes, 7.9 pounds, 
15 cents (204): radi.shes, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (209); 
tomatoes, 3 pounds, 6 cents (215); canned toma- 
toes, 4 pounds, 12 cents (216) 

Fruit: Apples, 2 pounds, 7 cents (221); currants, 2 
pounds, 7 cents (228); pears, 2 pounds, 10 cents 
(236) i 



Cost,_nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



cost. I Protein. Fat. ^arbohy- ^Fnel_ 



Cfiits. dm 111 K. 



3. 

1.1 

1.8 11 

1 



1.6 

.8 



Total vegetable food 
Total food 



Calories. 



270 

200 

80 
15 
120 
125 
125 



329 
61 



1,835 

2.50 



165 

50 



434 



2, 300 



3, 235 



The rcf?ults of thi.'^ study nitiy hv tak(Mi as a typical illustration of 
the fact that :i varied and nutritious diet c:ui be ol)tained at a compara- 
tively small cost. The ({uantities of protein and energy per man per 
day in the ration were not greatly ])elow the standard, and, considering 
the co.st of the food, 16.3 cents, perha})s the ration could not be much 
improved upon. There was a considerable variety of animal food, 
the greatest expenditure for any one item being for canned salmon, 
which, it is interesting to note, furnished less nutriment than was 
obtained in the fore shank of beef for half tis much money. Cereal 
foods were purchased in considei'al)le variety and ([uantity. There 
was also a variety in the vegetal)les and fruits, though no sort was used 
in large amounts. By reducing the variety of vegetables and fruits 
the cost of the i-ation could lia\(^ been still further reduced without 
materially diminishing its nutritive value. If sufficient care were 
taken in cooking, the less expensive diet could be made about as 
attractive as that costing more. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A TRUCKMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 160). 

This study was carried on in ti family somewhat above the average in 
intelligence and thrift for the vicinit}. It included the father, Amer- 
27147— No. 110-02 2 



18 



ican born, of Scotch-Irish descent, 29 years old; the mother, 24 years 
old, and three children — a bo}' of 5, a girl of 3. and an infant of 1^^ 
years of age, all of whom were in good health. They weighed 165, 
138, 45, and 35 pounds, respectively, the weight of the infant not being 
ascertained. The father, a truckman, earned $14 a week. The family 
dressed neatly, and made a good appearance. They occupied two 
large, well-lighted rooms, for which $10 a month rent was paid. The 
rooms were furnished very simply, ])ut were kept very neat and clean. 
Food was purchased for cash at the large or small markets, according 
to the nature of the material. Ice was used, and food was well cared 
for. There was practically no waste. The woman was thrifty, and 
though not an expert cook, was bright, and eager to learn how to 
improve the character of the diet. She had already profited much 
from lessons in domestic management given by one of the prominent 
local charitable organizations. 

The study began October 2<>, isiMi, and continued ten da3'S. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals, 
Man 26 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Two children, 5 and 3 years old (46 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equiv- 
alent to 18 _ 

Infant, 1^ years old, equivalent to 9 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 77 

Equivalent to one man twenty-six days. 

Table 6.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 160. 



Kimls, amounts, and cust nf foori fur ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


A.MMAI. FOOD. 

Beef: Round steak, 3 pounds, 48 cents (29): fore 
shank, 4 pounds, 28 eents (23); plate, corned, 3.2.') 
pounds, 20 cents (7). Mutton: Leg, 4.26 pounds, 9ti 


Ceidi. 

7.9 
. 7 

1.3 

2.0 

.5 

.9 


(irnniK. 

42 
6 

1 
3 
5 


Grams. 

49 
11 

6 

46 

4 

5 


Grams. 


Calories. 
628 


Pork: Sparerib 2.08 potinds, 17 cents (81) 




127 


Fish: Mackerel, .salt, 1.63 pounds, 17 cents (99); .sal- 
mon canned 0.50 pound 18 cents (105) 




84 


Butter, 3.13 pounds, 52 cents (118) 




432 


Milk, 6 pounds, 12 cents (124) 


5 
81 


70 


Milk, condensed, 3.25 pounds, 23 cents (125) 


194 






Total animal food 


18.3 1 64 


121 


36 


1,535 










VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Oatmeal, 1.75 pounds, 8 cents (129); maca- 
roni, 1 pound, 10 cents (158); bread, 10 pounds, 50 
cents (134); biscuit, 2.25 pounds, 10 cents (139); 
buns, 7 pounds, 29 cents (140); cake, coffee, 2 
pounds, 20 cents (143) 


4.9 
.6 

2.8 
.3 


39 


21 


234 

44 

71 
12 


1,316 


Sugar, 2.5 pounds, 15 cents (169) 


181 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 8 pounds, 12 cents (179); 
onions, 0.56 pound, 2 cents (195); peas, dry, 2 
pounds, 6 cents (200); potatoes, 10.69 pounds, 24 
cents (204); corn, canned, 1 pound, 10 cents (185); 
peas, canned, 1 pound, 10 cents (199); tomatoes, 
canned, 2 pounds, 9 cents (216) 


17 


2 
1 


380 


Fruit: Jelly, currant, 1 pound, 10 cents (232) 


59 








Total vegetable food 


8.6 
21.9 


56 


24 


361 


1,935 






Total food 


120 145 


397 


3,470 











19 

The re.sults of thi.s (lietary study indiciitr that the I'aniily wei'o obtain- 
ing about the normal <[uantity of protein and (mkm'u-v in their daily 
food. The cost of the ration — 22 cents ])(M- man jx-r day — was not exces- 
sive, although it might easily have been rc(hiccd. TIh^ ex{)enditure 
of 9<i cents for a leg of Iamb secured )>ut iitth" more than half the 
protein and nmch less than half the fat that was ol)tained for a similar 
amount expended for cheap cuts of beef. Cei'eal products were used 
in considerabl(> Aariety. 'I'he price of the bread — ."> cents per pound — 
was higher than that paid by a number of the families studied. If 
food had been ))ought in larger <_juantities, and a portion of the money 
expeiKh^d for meat had been used to incr(>a^e th(> ((uantity of cereals, 
the mitritive value of tiie I'ation wouhl iiave })een increased with little 
or no diminution of its \ariety and pahitability. The variety of vege- 
tables might ])ei'haps also have been reduced and only the more econ- 
omical kinds ])urchased without decreasing apprecial)ly the pahitability 
of the ration. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A WASHERWOMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 161). 

This study was carried on with the same family as in study Ko. 1.59, 
after the return of the children from an outing in the country. The 
income during the study was $5. 

The study began August 6, ISiHJ, and continued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Woman (30 jueals X 0.8 meal of man ), e<iuivalent to 24 

(jirl, 17 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man) , equivalent to 21 

Boy, 10 years old (30 meals X 0.(3 meal of man), e(juivalent to IS 

Boy, 7 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to In 

Two girls, 5 and 3 years ol<l (60 meals X 0.4 meal of man), e((uiva- 

lent to 24 



Total numl)er of meals taken eciuivalent to 102 

Equivalent to one man thirty-four days. 

Table 7. — WeUjliti^ dtid cost of food and mUrients in dietary study No. 161. 



Co.st, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of fooil for ten days. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Flank, 1.50 pounds, 12 cent.'-' (35); fore shank, 
2.50 pounds, 14 cent.s (23); corned, canned, 1 pound, 
20 cents (6). Lamb: Chops, 1.31 pounds, 18 cents 
(-11); chops, mutton, 0.81 pound, 15 cents (45) 

I'ork: Chops, 2.24 pounds, 26 cents (60); salt, 4 
pounds, 28 cents (72) 

Fish: Salmon, canned, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (105); 
sardines, 1.50 pounds. 9 cents (107) 

E^gs, 0.13 pound, 2 cents (117) 

Butter, 2.74 pounds, 51 cents (118) 

Milk, 18.70 pound.s, 51 cents (124) 

Milk, condensed, 4.25 pounds, 31 cents (125) 



Cost. Protein. 



Total animal food. 



Cents. 



2.3 
1.6 

.6 

(") 
1.5 
1.5 
.9 



8.4 



Qra7iis. 



(") 



p,^ Carbohy- Fuel 
'*"" drates. value. 



(«) 



Orams. 



43 



Calories. 

224 
536 
53 



(«) 



293 
179 
190 



1,475 



« Amounts too small to affect results. 



20 



Table 7. — Weif/htx and cost of food and mdrients in dietary study No. 161 — Continued. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Oatmeal, 3.50 pounds, 8 cents (128); bread, 
20 pounds. ,52 cents (138); bread, rye, 4 pounds, 12 
cents (136); bi.scuit, soda, 6 pounds, 20 cents (139); 
crackers, soda, 3 pounds, 14 cents (156); cakes, 
mixed, 1 pound, 5 cents (142); pie, apple, 0.25 
pound, 5 cents (160) 

Sugar, 6 pounds, ,33 cents ( 169) 

VcKctables: Beans, string, 1 pound, 6 cents (178); 
ciilvbiige, ;'. pounds, 5 cents (179); corn, canned, 
I pound.') cviits (185); onions, 0.. 50 pound, 2 cents 
(195); potatoes, 11.23 pounds, 22 cents (204); toma- 
toes, 2.50 pounds, 5 cents (215) 

Fruits: Bananas. 0.94 pound, 7 cents (226); currants, 
fresh, 1 pound, 3 cents (228); muskmelon, 0..50 
pound, 3 cents (234) 



Total vegetable food 
Total food 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Cost. Protein. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Cnits. 1 (iritiiix. ] (inun>^. (rvnint 



3.4 
1.0 



1.4 
.3 



6.1 



59 



101 



145 



284 
80 



Fuel 
value. 



1,599 
328 



173 



15 
2, 115 



This study shows, as did the earlier one with the same family, unusu- 
ally careful management of the household expenses. The vaiMety of 
the food was consideral)le. and the (|uantity of nutrients obtained j)er 
man per day as large as has hccn found in many studies of farmers, 
mechanics, and other workingnicn in the Tnited States, thoiio-h the 
cost was less than 15 cents per day. This is an instance of what can 
be done by careful management. 

The following table, showing the amounts t)f protein and energy 

purchased for 10 cents in some of the more important food materials 

used by this family, illu.strates the relative economy of their purchases: 

Table 8. — ( 'o,s< of food materials per pound, and amoiuds of nutrients and energy obtained 
for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 161. 





Priceper 
pound. 


In 1 pound. 


Amounts bought for 10 cents. 


Total 


Kind ot food material. 


Protein. 


Fuel 
value. 


Total 
food. 


Protein. 


Fuel 
value. 


ex- 
pended 
during 

study. 


Beef; 

Flank 


Cen,ts. 
8.0 
.5.6 
20.0 
13.7 
18.5 

11.2 
7.0 

20.0 
6.0 

18.6 
2.7 
7.3 
2.3 

2.6 
3.0 
3.3 
4.7 
5.0 
20.0 
5.5 

2.4 

2.0 

1 

5.3 


Pound. 
0.170 
.128 
.263 
.187 
.160 

.166 
.019 
.218 
.237 
.010 
.033 
.088 
.161 

.109 
.090 
.093 
.098 
.005 
.005 


Calories. 
1,115 
545 
1,280 
1,540 
1,695 

1,580 

3,670 

915 

950 

3,605 

325 

1, 520 

1,860 

1,215 
1,180 
1,730 
1, 925 
1,675 
1,270 
1,860 


PouTids. 

1.25 

1.79 

..50 

.73 

..54 

.90 
1.43 

.50 
1.67 

.54 
3.70 
1.37 
4.35 

3.85 
3.33 
3.00 
2.14 
2.00 
..50 
1.82 

4.17 
.5.00 

1.88 


Pound. 
0.21 
.22 
.14 
.14 
.09 

.15 
.03 
.11 
.39 


Calories. 

1,460 
975 
560 

1,120 
915 

1,410 
5,250 
4.50 
1,580 
1,935 
1,180 
2,090 
8,135 

4,820 
3,940 
5, 185 
4,130 
3,365 
640 
3,380 

575 
1, 975 

495 


Cents. 
12 




14 




20 




18 


Do 


15 


Pork: 

Chops, edible portion 

Salt 


25 

28 




10 




9 


Butter 


51 


Milk 


.12 
.12 
.70 

.42 
.30 
.28 
.21 
.13 
.02 


51 


Milk, condensed 

Oatmeal 

Bread : 

Wheat 


31 
8 

52 


Rye 

Biscuits, soda 

( 'rackers, soda 


12 
20 
14 
5 


Pie, apple 

Sugar 

Green vegetables: String 
beans, cabbage, onions, and 


5 
33 


.06 
.11 

.02 


17 


Potatoes 

Fruit: Bananas, currants, 
muskmelons 


.022 



385 


22 
13 



21 

The canned corned Imm^" at "JO ccMits a poinul was very hio^h priced, 
and the lanih chops at 18^ cents, thou<^'h more economical than the 
corned lieef, were also high. The most economical food material was 
oatmeal, which was purchased at 2.3 cents per pound, while stale bread 
at 2.6 cents per pound was also very economical and was purchased in 
considerable amounts. The amount spent for green vegetables and 
fruit was perhaps no larger than health demanded. It is interesting 
to compare the <[uantities of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents 
bv this family with corresponding amounts in dietary study No. 154: 
(p. 10). 

DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 162). 

The family consisted of the husband, a German, 33 years old, weigh- 
ing 155 pounds; the mother, a Scotch woman, 35 years old, weighing 
130 pounds; two sons of the latter, one 1!) years old, weighing 125 
pounds, the other 12 years of age, and a woman boarder 18 years old. 
The weights of the younger son and the ))oarder were not ascertained. 
The income of the family was larger than most of those studied. The 
father earned from |18 to >^25 a week at his work as longshoreman, 
and the mother alnjut $5 a week selling papers. The older son was 
apprenticed to a printer and earned $3 a week. The boarder was out 
of work at the time of the study and was seeking employment, mean- 
while hov board remained in arrears. The family occupied three 
rooms, })aying $8.50 a month I'cnt. They dressed well and had a con- 
siderable sum of money laid by. AI)out the only form of recreation in 
the warm weather was an occasional day at some seaside i-esort. Food 
was purchased in small (juantities, although ice was used continually. 

The study began August <>, iSlH), and continued ten da3's. The 
numbci- of meals taken was as follow^s: 

Meals. 
Two iiicn 60 

Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man), e(iuivalent to 48 

Boy, 12 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 

Total numljer of meals taken equivalent to 126 

K(juivalent to one man forty-two tlays. 



22 



Table 9. — Weights and cost of food <md mttneiris in dietary ittiidij No. 102. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Round steak, 6 pounds, 70 cents (29); sirloin 
steak, 1.50 pounds, 23 cents (33) . Veal: Breast, 4.12 
pounds, 35 cents (53) 

Pork: Ham, smoked, 5.13 pounds, 64 cents (66); 
bacon, 0.38 pound, 5 cents (59) 

Fish; Bluetish, fresh, 3.61 pounds, 25 cents (84); cod- 
fish, fresh, 3.51 pounds, 24 cents (89); sturgeon, 37 
pounds. 10 cents (111) 

Eggs, 5.7:^ iKPUiids, S'j cents (114) 

Butter, 4 pounds, 7.'i cents (118) 

Cheese, l,3.s pounds, 31 cents (120) 

Cheese, limburger, 0.37 pound, 10 cents (123) 

Milk, 8.39 pounds, 23 cents (124 ) 

Milk, conden.sed, 3 pounds, 24 cents (125) 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Total animal food . 



VEGETABLE FOor>. 

Cereals: Bread, 25.87 pounds, 97 cents (1:54); cake, 
coffee, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (14;!) 

Sugar, 4 [)Ounds, 18 cents (109) 

Vegetables: Cabbage, 10 pounds, 18 cents (179); po- 
tatoes, 24 pounds, 40 cents (204); tomatoes, 6.50 
pounds, 14 cents (215); turnips, 2.37 pounds, 5 
cents (218) 



O'nts. 

3.0 
1.7 



1.4 
1.9 
1.8 
1.0 

(") 
.5 
.6 



11.9 



2.6 
.4 



1.8 



Total vegetable food 
Total food 



4.8 



Grams. 

23 

8 

9 
8 
1 



(«) 



35 



95 



1 Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 



drams. \ Gi'ams. 

17 

21 I 



(") 



(«) 



253 

228 



(") 



348 
76 



70 
110 



159 
43 



1,220 



S09 
176 



1,260 
2,480 



a.\monnts too .small to affect results. 

The (iiuintity of mitriiMits and (Miero-y per man per day o])tained by 
this family seem.s small in view of tiie fairly .severe work of the father. 
The income was laroc enoug-h to warrant a more li))eral diet, and there 
was no apparent reason why the family should not he well nourisiied, 
80 it may be tiiat the diet was sutiieient for their needs. The cost was 
moderate, especially considering- the relatively lai'ge proportion of 
protein as compared with the energy. Had the amount expended for 
cereal food )>een doulded and expended as judiciously as in tlu^ previ- 
ous dietary study, the quantity of protein per man ])er day could have 
been increased to about 135 grams and the energy to o,65<» calories, 
although the total cost would have b«>en but 11>.3 cents. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER'S FAMILY (NO. 166). 

This study was with the same family as that in dietary study No. 'SI, 
the details of which have been published in a former report." Thev 
were at this time in rather better circumstances than at the time the 
first study was made. The members of the family were all Cxerman 
born, and comprised the father 47 and the mother 37 years of age, and 
three children — a boy of 18, a girl of 14, and a boy of 11 years. All 



aU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 46. 



23 

were apparently in excellent health, and weighed, respectively, 157, 
li>2, 150, 148, and 88 pounds. The father was a carpenter and earned 
$10 a week when h(^ had steady work. The mother acted as house- 
keeper or janitor in tlic building- in which they lived and received in 
payment for her services th(> rent of four rooms, worth about $12 a 
month. The older son was employed by an electrician and earned $7 
a week; he spent 15 cents a day for his lunch. The daughter earned 
$3 a week as salesgirl; the younger boy went to school. The food 
purchased was of good quality and there was no avoidable waste. 

The study began September 3, 1896, and (x^ntinued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meal.s. 

Two inen« 55 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 ineal <il' man), equivalent to 24 

Girl, 14 years old ['.W meals X 0.7 meal of man) , equivalent to 21 

Boy, 1 1 years old (80 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 

Total number of meals taken ecjuivalent to 118 

Equivalent to one man thirty-nine days. 



Table 10. — Weig^itti and cod of food and nutrieii(.'< in dietary study No. 166. 



Kinds, amounts, and fost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein, 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, ehuek, 1.75 pounds, 15 (-(.'nts (27); steak, 
round. 9. .50 ixiunds, 95 ctMits (29); steak, round, 
chopped, 1.25 pounds, 29 rents (:^1) ; steak, sirloin. 
0.75 pound, 15 eents (33); fore shank, 4 pounds, 23 
cents (23); liver sausage, 0..50 pound, 10 cents (19). 

Pork; Loin, 3.75 pounds, 38 cents (01); ham, 0.75 
pound, 15 eents (06) ; lard, 1..50 pounds, 12 eents (69) . 

Eggs, i.91 jiounds. 75 cents (114) 

Butter, 3 iiouuds, 62 cents (ll.S) 


Cents. 

4.C 

1.0 
1.9 
1.6 
3.5 


Grains. 

36 

7 
9 


Grams. 

23 

31 

6 

30 

25 


Grams. 


Calories. 
361 




317 




92 




279 


Milk, .53.25 pounds, $1.36 (124) 


20 


si 


441 








13.2 


70 


115 


31 1 1,490 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, 11. .50 pounds, 37 cents (131); bread, 
14.25 ])ounds, 57 cents ( 1:>1); rolls, Vienna, 1 pound, 
Scents (165); d(.iughnuts, 6 pounds, 30 cents (157).. 


3.3 
1.0 

3.0 
.2 


36 


18 


232 
81 

104 
4 


1,267 
332 


Vegetables: Beans, 2 poinids, lOcents (175); cabbage, 
5 pounds, 7 cents ( 179i; corn, 1.50 pounds, 5 cents, 
(1S4); onions,] i>ound,3 cents (195); potatoes, 35.69 
pounds, 15 cents (201); salad, 3 pounds, 7 cents (211); 
sauerkraut, 2 i>o\nids, 12 cents (212); soup greens, 
1.94 pounds, 15 cents (1S9); tomatoes, 6 pounds, 
11 cents (21S) 


l.S 


2 


519 




17 










7.5 
20.7 


54 ' 20 


421 


2, 135 






Total food 


126 135 


452 


3,625 











"As the meal taken away from home by the young man was only a lunch, it was 
assumed that he was absent from home for only 5 meals, rather than 10, and would 
eat at the other meals at home suthcient to make up the difference. 



24 

Th(^ results obtained in this study indicate that the family was receiv- 
ing ample nourishment, perhaps a little more than was absolutel}^ nec- 
essary; the cost, however, was not excessive. In the previous study 
of this same family they consumed 14.S grams of protein and 3,825 
calories of energy i)er man per day, quantities considerably in excess 
of those here found. The cost of the diet in the previous study was 
23 cents per man per day as compared with 20.7 in this. In the dis- 
cussion of the earlier study it was pointed out that a reduction in the 
food might easily have been made, and that such a change would prob- 
ably not be a disadvantage. A still further reduction in cost might 
have been made in the present dietary, while still keeping its nutritive 
value equally high, by a wiser selection of vegetables. One of the 
highest priced of the articles of animal food purchased was sirloin steakj 
but the 15 cents thus expended furnished very much more nutriment 
than was ()})tained for the same sum expended for soup greens. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER'S FAMILY (NO. 167). 

The family consisted of the father, (Tcrman ])orn, 47 years of age; 
the mother, also (ierman, :>-2 years of age; and four sons, aged respec- 
tive] v 20. 11>, 15, and 7 years. The weights of the members of the 
family were respectively 220. iso, 120, 110, 75, and 47 pounds. The 
father was a carpenter and usually had steady work. At the time of 
the study he was recovering fi'om an illness, and received $6 a week 
from a ])enelit organization. Th(> oldest son was a janitor in a club- 
house, the second son was a glasswoikcr ; neither earned large wages, yet 
each paid $4 a week board. Thest^ two boj^s got their lunches each 
woi-king day away from home. Sinc»> these were only light meals, 
it has been assumed that each on(> was present at 25 full meals during 
the study. The third son w;is Icai'ning the printer's trade; he paid 
12.75 a week toward his support. The mother was well trained in 
household management. The ta))lc was neat and inviting, the food 
well prepared, and there was little or no waste. The rent of the four 
well-lighted rooms occupied was ^0 per month. The rooms were 
comfortaljly furnished, and the family dressed better than was to be 
expected from their income. 

The study began September 2, 1896, and continued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Three men "f 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Boy, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Boy, 7 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man ), equivalent to 15 

Total number of meals taken eciuivalent to 143 

Equivalent to one man forty-eight daj's. 



25 



Table 11. — Weights and cost of fnod mid viUricnt>i in dielnnj sfi(di/ No. 167. 



Kinds, amo\nits, ami crjst of food fur ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
jier (lay. 


Cost. 1 Protein. 

1 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL KOOI). 

Beef: Round steak, 3 pounds, 10 cents (29); .^teak, 
chopped, 3 pounds, 30 cents (31); loin, 2.50 pounds, 
20 cents (34); shoulder, corned, edible portion, 
4.50 pounds, 40 cents (5); suet, 0.12 pound (37). 
Veal: Leg, 4 pounds. 36 cents (50) 


Cents. 

3. 5 
.0 


Grani)'. 

34 
4 


(iramif. 

28 

16 

1 



12 

2 


Graiii.t. 


Cnlorirs. 
400 


Pork: Shoulder, smoked, 3.25 pounds, 23 cents (79): 




165 


Fish: Cod, dry, 0.S« pound, 7 cents (91); mackerel, 
fresh 3 pounds, 16 cents (98) 




30 




1.5 7 




85 
110 
40 


Butter 1.50 pounds, 33 cents (118) . 


. 7 






Milk, 0.12 pounds, 15 cents (124) 


■> 


3 


Milk, condensed, 3 pounds, 27 cents (125) 


.5 1 3 


15 95 








7.6 


55 


67 


18 925 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, 1.50 pounds, 5 cents (131); farina, 1 
pound, 4 cents (127); bread, 4.50 pounds, 19 cents 
(134); bread, rye, 5.44 pounds, 25 cents (136); sugar 
buns, 7.13 pounds, 35 cents (140); sweet buns, 7.75 
pounds, 35 cents ( 141 ) ; rolls, 0.75 pound, 5 cents (166) . 


2. 7 
.6 

l.S 


23 


10 


145 
47 

81 
5 


782 
193 


Vegetables: CahViage. l.i:: pounds, 5cents (179); corn, 
green, O.^iOiiouiui, 5 cents ( 1S4); greens, 0.19 pound, 
1 cent ( l.ss ) ; onions, ] .19 pounds, 3 cents (195) ; pota- 
toes, 40.49 pounds, 51 cents (204); tomatoes. 17 


11 


1 


385 


Fruit: Bananas, 0.17 pound, 2cents (225); grapes, 3..')0 
pounds, 10 cents (230) 


20 










Total vegetable food 


5.3 


34 


11 278 1,380 




12.9 


89 


78 


296 


2, 305 







The cost of food per man per day in this study wa.s very small, 
amounting to ])ut 13 cents. On the other hand, the ration was scanty, 
even taking* into account the fact that the father was recovering from 
sickness at the tinu^ and doubtless ate considerably less food than when 
at active work. One of the most expensive purchases as regards the 
nutritive return was tomatoes. Twenty-two cents expended for this 
vegetable furnished about three-quai-ters of the protein and energy 
obtained for 5 cents in wheat Hour. Nevertheless, evidence of careful 
management is marked throughout the study. Meats were purchased 
in large amounts and considerable xariety, but the cost was moderate. 
It must be remem])ered, however, that, generally speaking, the meats 
are a much more expensivt* source of nourishment than the cereals. 
The variety and ({uantity of cereals used was large. The quantity of 
nutrients might easily have been considerably increased, with but little 
or no increase in the cost of the diet. In* the purchase of more cereals 
and less meat. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A HOUSEKEEPER'S FAMILY (NO. 168). 

This family consisted of the mother, 55 years of age, weighing* 130 
pounds; her three daughters, one 22, one 20, and the other 1-1 3^ears old, 
and weighing 140, 130, and 98 pounds, respectively, and one son, ITyears 
of age, weighing 120 pounds. The mother and three oldest children 



26 



were born in Ireland. All were in excellent health and all were wage- 
earners. The rent of the rooms occupied was $15 a month. Of this 
the mother paid $9 a month by her work as housekeeper or janitor. 
One room was let for fl..5() a week. The total income from the chil- 
dren amounted to $20 a week, which was all turned into the family 
treasury. Each one carried a lunch from home and spent 5 cents daily 
for tea or coffee. The home was kept neat and clean and the table was 
attractive. The family dressed well and appeared to be in good cir- 
cumstances. No member of the family was familiar with cooking, and 
all of the pastr}' was purchased of a baker; the girls, however, were 
anxious to learn how to cook. 

The study began September 20, l8lHi. and continued ten days, 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Three women (90 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 72 

Boy, 17 yeara old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), eijuivalent to 24 

Girl, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man) , equivalent to 21 

Woman visitor (4 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 3 

Man visitor -1 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 124 

Equivalent to one man forty-one days. 

Table 12. — Weight.^ and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 168. 



The 





Cost, nutrients, and fuel val 
per day. 


ue of food 


per nmn 


Kiiitl.s, amoiiiits, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Pat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOG 11. 

Beef: Steak, chuck, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (271 ; steak, 
sirloin, 3.50 pounds, 56 cents (33); corned rump, 
6 pounds, 60 cents (10); stew meat, 2 pounds, 13 
cents (23). Mutton: Chops, 3 pounds, 36 cents (46); 
chops, 2 pounds, 24 cents (44); leg, 8.50 pounds, 
81 10 (47) 


Cads. 

3.7 
.6 

2. (■) 
1.5 


Grama. 

47 

20 
6 
3 
1 
6 


Granif!. 

55 
63 


Grams. 


Calories. 
704 


Pork: Ham, smoked, 9 pouids, $1.20 (65); bacon. 


668 






24 




42 
8 




30 






394 


Milk 17 07 po\inds 63 cents (124) 


10 


140 








16.8 


83 


170 


10 


1,960 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Biscuit. 6.94 pounds, 35 cents (139): bread, 
10.78 poiuids, 48 cents (134); coffee cake, 7.81 
pounds, 60 cents (144); corn cake, 2.19 pounds, 10 
cents (15W); currant loaf, 1.25 pounds, 10 cent.s 
(147); doughnuts, 3.50 pounds, 15 cents (157); jelly 
cake, 0.49 pound, 10 cents 1146); rolls, milk, 1 
pound, 5 cents (163); rolls, water, 6.69 pounds, 35 
cents (166); sweet cake, 0.75 pound, 10 cents (148).. 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, 9.99 pounds, 48 cents 
(169)- cocoa 50 pound 20 cents (171) 


,5.6 
1.6 

1.9 

.8 


39 

1 

1 


33 
1 

1 
1 


245 
113 

57 
25 


1,471 
476 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 4 pounds, 10 cents (179) ; corn, 
canned, 1 pound, 6 cents (185); potatoes, 23.94 
pounds, 30 cents (204); tomatoes, 1.76 pounds, 3 
cents (215); tomato clitsup, 2.50 pounds, 28 cents 
(217^ 


272 


Fruits: Apples, 11.36 pounds, 20 cents (222); lemons, 
1 pound, 5 cents (233); prunes, 0.76 pound, 10 cents 
(237) 


116 








9.9 


48 


36 


440 


2,335 






Total food 


26.7 


131 


206 


460 


4,295 







27 

The results of this study are interestiuo-. Although the famih' con- 
sisted of women and one IT-year-old boy, the averag-e daily diet fur- 
nished more than eighth-tenths as much as the commonly accepted 
standard requires for a man at moderate labor. Judged by the stand- 
ard, therefore, they ate more than they actually required. If the 
quantity of protein had been reduced a tenth and the ([uantity of energy 
a fifth, the ration would ha\e been still as large as is needed theoreti- 
cally. The fact that the excess of energy was larger than that of 
protein indicates that the fats and carbohydrates were in excess. One 
reason for this is found in the large amount of pork eaten. The (juan- 
tity of })read and pastry was also large. All such food was i)urchased 
of a baker, and its cost was much greater than would have Ixmmi the 
case had it been made at home. The amount of cake purcliased was 
quite large, and cost considerably more than th(^ l)read eaten. One of 
the least economical purchases was 2^ pounds of tomato catsup, which 
cost 28 cents and contained almost no nutriment. If the $1. 20 expended 
for smoked ham had ])een used to purchase dried legumes or some of 
the leaner cuts of beef, the nutritive ratio of the diet would have been 
improved. During the study $1.80 was expended for tea and coffee. 
This sum has not l)een included in the cost of the food. The income 
of the famil}" was sutiicient to maintain them coiufortably, and the}' 
apparently made very good use of it. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A CARETAKER'S FAMILY (NO. 170). 

This family is typical of a large nunibei-in tliis region, in which the 
woman is the breadwinner. It consisted of the mother, 25 yeai's old; 
her mother, ()5 years old and her sister, IT years old; a child and one 3 
years old, weighing 1()0, 130, 127, 35, and 30 pounds, respectively, and 
apparently in good health. The mother earned ^15 a month cleaning 
an office. Her sister paid $3 a week for room and board, and until a 
short time previous to the study there had been another hoarder who 
paid ^5 a week for room and board. The rent of four rooms was J^ll: 
a niontli, hut uiih^ss they succeeded in olitaining anotlier boarder, the 
faiuily intended to take cheaper rooms. Food was bought in small 
quantities foi' cash and no ice was used. The house was kept neat and 
clean but the kitchen was so dark that no table was spread. There 
was no visible waste. Judging from the appearance of the family it 
would be supposed that their circumstances were better than was act- 
ually the case. 

The study began October 1, ISilG, and contiiuied ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meiils. 

Two women (60 meals X O.S meal of man), equivalent to 48 

Girl, 17 years old ( ;]0 meals X 0.7 meal of a man), equivalent to 21 

Child, 6 years old (20 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10 

Child,;} 3'ears old (20 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8 

Total number of meals taken ecjuivalent to 87 

Equivalent to one man twenty-nine days. 



28 

Table 13. — Weights an(] cost of food and nutrienls in dirlar;/ ftfi(di/ No. 17 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Corned, 2..50pounds, IScents (2). Veal: Shoul- 
der, ] pound, 8 cents (58). Lamb: Leg, 7 pounds, 
56 cents (42) 

Pork: Head, 1 pound, 5 cents (70); sparerib, 2.36 
pounds, 15 cents (81); salt, 2.25 pounds, 17 cents 
(72) 

Fish: Mackerel, salt, 1 pound, 12 cents (99); oysters, 
0.63 pound, 10 cents (101 ) ." 

Eggs, 0.41 pound, 5 cents (114) 

Butter, 1.82 pounds, 37 cents (118) 

Milk, 2.62 pounds, 5 cents (124) 

Milk, conden.sed, 6.51 pounds, 45 cents (125) 

Total animal food 

VEGETABLE Fool). 

Cereals: Bread, rye, 9.70 pounds, 37 cents (136); bread, 
wheat, 6.62 pounds, 25 cents (134); macaroni, 1 
pound, 10 cents (158); rolls, milk, 1.13 pounds. 5 
cent.s (163); rolls, water, 2.82 pounds, 15 cents (166) 

Sugar, 4.31 pounds, 22 cents ( 169) 

Vegetables: Beans, 1.75 pounds, 9 cents (175); cab- 
bage, 2.50 jiounds, 2 cents 1 179); corn, 0.50 pound, 
Scents t IS) i; onions, 1.25 pounds, Scents ( 195); po- 
tatoes, 14.41 pounds, 17(ents(204); potatoes, sweet, 
1.50 poiHids, ;i cents (206): tomatoes 8.50 pounds, 
13 cents (215); turnips, 2.50 pt>unds, S cents (218). 

Fruit: Apples, 5 po\uids, 10 cents (221 ) 

Total vegetable food 

Total food 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Cost. Protein. 



Cents. 
2.6 
1.3 

.2 
1.3 

.2 
l!6 



7.9 



1.8 
.3 



49 



Tj. (. Carbohy- Fuel 
^"^'^- I drates. value. 



<jrams. 
23 

48 



Grams. 



55 



181 
67 



Calories. 
316 

483 

40 

13 

222 

~35 

336 



1,445 



916 
275 



1,620 



3,065 



The ([uantity of ])r()t(Mii iiiul cncM-oy in tlii.s stiifly was soiiirwliat 
below the staiidaiTl for jjersons at active exerei.se. Tlie cost was mod- 
erate, eviiieiiio' careful iiianat^ciuent. The (luaiitity of animal foods 
was not large, and for the most part such foods wer(> economically 
purcha.sed. The leg of lanih and the oysters, howeviM'. were ex|)en- 
sive in proportion to the nutrients furnished. Had tho ;>() cents sjxMit 
for the leg of lamb been used to bu}' nioi'e of the corned beef at the 
price paid, and the 10 cents spent for oysters used to ])uy more veal 
shoulder, the <|uantity of nutrients in the diet would have been increased 
by IS grams of prot«Mn and LSo calories of energy per man per day. 
If, in addition, the 21 cents spent for cabbage, corn, onions, and toma- 
toes had been used to purchase more potatoes and sweet potatoes, the 
ration would have been still further increased by 3 grams of protein 
and 385 calories of energy per man per day. AVhile these changes 
would not bring the amount of protein in the ration up to the com- 
monly accepted standard, they indicate how, for the same expenditure, 
more nutriment could have been obtained than was actually the case. 
Each family must of course determine the extent to which variety 
shall give way to economy. Had the diet in actual use been increased 
by one-sixth it would probably have more nearly met the physiological 
requirements of the family, and even then, at the prices paid, would 
have cost but 16.7 cents per man per day. 



29 



DIETARY STUDY OF A TANNER'S FAMILY (NO. 171). 

The t'iiniily is tv])ic:il of the sober, honest, ;uid industrious poor, 
who nmintiiin a continual stru*^<i'le for the hare necessities of life. It 
consisted of the fathtu'. 4.") years old; the inothtu", 45 3'ears old; three 
boys, one l!>, one 14. and one 1(> 3'ears old, and two ^"irls, one 12 and 
the other S years of age. Their weig-hts were KJS, 184, 185, 75, 65, 
57. and 51 {)<)unds, respectively. The father worked in a neighboring 
tannery and (Mirned $10 per week. The oldest bo}' had just obtained 
night work in a flour mill, but at the time he received no wages, and 
probably would not receive more than $8 per week at first. The 
14-year-old boy was .subject to epilepsy and could neither go to school 
noi' work, lie could not be left alone in the house, and thus prevented 
the mother from going out to work. The other children attended 
school. The mother had l)een for years a house servant and was an 
excellent cook. Ibead was baked at home, and it is estimated this 
was at least $4: a month cheaper than a corresY)onding amount 
of bakers' brt'ad. It was the ambition of the mother to l)e able 
some da\ to buy a whole barrel of Hour. There was no visible 
waste. A table was spread and the family sat down together morning 
and night. The rent paid for four rooms, two light and two dark, 
was 'YU a month. The kitchen was supplied with hot and cold water. 

The study began October 14, 189(), and continued ten days. The 
luunbcr of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

T\\ > llU'll HO 

\\'i 11 nan ( ?>0 meals X 0.8 meal of man ), equivalent to 24 

P)oy, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

(iirl 12 and 1)oy 10 years old (60 meals X 0.6 meal of man), eciuiv- 

aliMit to 36 

(iirl, S years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Total nunil)er of meals taken equivalent to 159 

K<iuivalcnt to one man fifty-three days. 

Table 14. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in, dietary study No. 171. 



Kinds, iunoimts, and ciist i>f I'lunl fur ten day.s. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food 
per day. 


per man 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Corned, 2 pounds, 13 cents (3); steak, chuck, 
5.50 pounds, 56 cents (27): steak, round, 5 pounds, 
36 cents (30) ; tripe, 2 pounds, 10 cent.s (39). Mut- 


Cents. 

4.0 

2.0 

.8 

. .4 

1.5 

.4 


38 

15 

9 
1 


Grams. 

30 
35 


(Iriiius. 


Caloriig. 
435 


Pork: Chops, 3.50 pcnuids,:i5cents (61): ham, corned, 
2 pounds. 15ccn'is (tJCi); sausaije, 2 pounds, 20 cents 
(74): shouMcr, salt. 5.10 pounds, 35 cents (78) 

Fish: Cod, l)(>nc!css. 1.75 pounds, 13 cents (88); cod, 




387 




37 


Egg.s 119potinds 20 cents (117) 


1 

30 
4 
1 
2 




13 


Butter, 4.11 pounds, SO cents (118) 




279 


Cheese 1 50 pounds 20 cents (120) 


3 
1 
2 




49 


Milk 2 pounds, 4 cents (124) 


1 
13 


15 




.3 


80 






Ti)tal aiumal food 


9.4 


69 


103 


14 


1, 295 



30 



Table 14. — Wrii/hts and cnsl of fowl <uid viitrit'iits in dietary Mudy No. 171 — Continued. 



Kinds, amounts, and cnst uf food fiT tt'ii day.s. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drate.s. 


Fuel 
value. 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals; Flour, low grade, 3 pounds, 9 cents (132); 
flour, prepared, 27.59 pounds, .51 cents(133); bread, 
7.91 pounds, 30 cents (134) 


1.7 


(jrawK. 
34 


Gravis, 
4 


Grams. 
227 


Calories. 
1,108 






51 


209 


Vegetables: Greens, 5 pounds, 7 cents (189); onions, 
5.56 pounds, 7 cents (l'.i5i: |«)iatoes, ;?1. 26 pounds, 
30 cents (204); tomat<ics, s..'>(i i>iiunds, 7 cents (215); 


1.1 


10 


1 


64 


313 








3.3 


44 


5 


342 1,630 






Total food 


12.7 


113 


108 


356 


2, 925 







The average food consumption ])er man per day during this study 
was a trifle below the commonly accepted standard as regards protein, 
and about one-sixth below it as regards energ3\ The cost, 12.7 cents 
per man per day, was small, indicating careful management on the part 
of the mother. The foods which furnished the least nutriment for 
the money expended on them were the soup greens, onions, tomatoes, 
and turni])s. While a certain amount of variety in vegetable foods is 
desirable, a part of the 28 cents thus expended might have been used 
for the purchase of a larger quantity of potatoes and thus have increased 
the nutriti\'e value of the ration. The cost of animal foods was 75 per 
cent of the total cost of the food, which is somewhat hirger than usual. 
In other A\ords, the famih' expended more than was necessary for 
meats, which are at best quite expensive. If. for instance, from a 
third to a half of the !>6 cents spent for a leg of mutton had l)een used 
to purchase wheat flour, and the rest for a cheaper cut of meat, the 
quantit}' of protein and energy per man per da}" would have been 
nearer that indicated li}' the standard for a man at moderate work. 
If the ration had been increased in amount bA^about one-tenth it would 
probably have been suflicient for the needs of the family, and would 
then have cost but 14 cents per man per day. This family, like those 
in dietary studies Nos. 159, 161, and 17<J, manifested a considerable 
degree of skill in their purchases of food. 



DIETARY STUDY OF A FOUNDRYMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 172). 

This family consisted of the father, 40 years old; his wife, ?A\ years 
old; a grandmother, 54 years old; an aunt, 28 years old; four 
daughters, respectively 14, 11, 4, and 2 years old, and an infant 2 
months old. The weights of some members of the family were not 
reported. The father weighed 1()7; the mother, 140; the grandmother, 
160; the 14-year-old daughter, 7it. and the 11-year-old daughter. 70 
pounds. The father a foundry man, was industrious. He earned $10 



31 

a week when on full time, but liis work was unsteady. At the time 
of the .study the ^-randniother was bedridden, and the aunt, a rag sorter, 
was so ill with consuniption that she was unable to work. The oldest 
girl Avas learning ])ox making. The family rented two rooms, one 
light and one dark, for which they ])aid $.5.50 a month. The mother 
was a good cook and did her own marketing. Owing, however, to 
theii- very limited income, food was l)ought in small ([uantities, so that 
she was unable to economize as she might had she been able to pur- 
chase larger amounts. Th(» food was of good (juality, and there was 
no waste. Everything about the home was neat and clean and the 
children were tidy and respectable in appearance. 

The study ))egan Octol^er 14, ISiHi, and crontinued ten days. The 
nuinl»er of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Man 30 

Three women (90 meala X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 72 

Girl, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Girl, 11 years old (30 meals X O.G meal of man) , equivalent to 18 

Two girls, 4 and 2 years old (60 meals X 0.4 meal of man), eijuiva- 

lent to 24 

Infant, equivalent to 9 

Total numl)er of meals taken equivalent to 174 

Equivalent to one man tifty-eight days. 

T.\BLE 15. — Weif/ht.'^ and coxl of food and. nutrients in diftary .'<tiidy No. 172. 



Kiiids, amounts, am! cost of food tor ten clays. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food i>er man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
d rates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Neck, 2 pounds, 16 cents (21); liver, 2 pounds, 
16 cents (18); shank, hind, 2 pounds, 8 cents (24). 
Mutton: Leg, 10.50 pounds, 76 cents (48); neck, 


( 'enls. 

2.2 

3.1 

1.0 

2.2 

.3 

1.0 

9.8 


Grams. 

21 

18 

9 
1 
2 
4 


Grams. 

18 

60 

1 

38 

3 

4 


Grams. 


Calories. 
254 


Pork: Bacon, 0.50 pound, 6 cents (59); chops, 9.75 
pounds, 98 cents (61); feet, 5.86 pounds, 35 cents 
(62) : salt, 4 pounds, 39 cents (72) 




632 


Fish: Blue, 4.50 pounds, 27 cents (84); cod, fresh, 
5.61 j)o\nids, :i"i cents (89) 




46 


Butter, 5.75 pounds, $1.26 (118) 




358 


Milk S..5,s pounds, 20- cents (124) 


3 
25 


49 


Milk, condensed, 5. 87 pounds, 59 cents (125) 


156 


Total animal food 


55 


124 


9.H 


1 495 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, 44 pounds, $1.06 (131): bread, white, 

1.1 pounds, 5 cents (134); rolls, 1 pound, 5 cents (166). 

Sugar, 15. 12 pounds, 70 cents ( 169) 


2.0 
1.2 

.8 


40 


4 


266 
118 

50 


1,292 
484 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 6.75 pounds, 7 cents (179); 
potatoes, 29.60 pounds, 31 cents (204); tomatoes, 
4.50 pounds, 4 cents (215); turnips, 6.37 pounds, 3 
cents (219) 


7 




234 








Total vegetable food 


4.0 


47 


4 


434 


2,010 




Total food 


13.8 


102 


128 


462 


3,505 





The quantity of energy per man per day in this study was equal to 
that called for by the commonly accepted standard. The quantity of 



32 



protein, however, was rather small, although as larg-e as has been 
found in a considerable number of studies of families of mechanics, 
farmers, and other working people in comfortalde circumstances. The 
cost, 13.8 cents per man per day, was very reasonable. No suggestion 
for improvement seems to be chilled for in this case. The satisfactory 
results obtained are d<>ul)tless due to the fact that the woman was a 
good cook and could do her own marketing. They are interesting as 
showing that it was possilde under the given conditions to live in New 
York City on a ration of considerable variety and at the same time 
of small cost. 

The (piantities of protein and energy obtained foi* 10 cents in some 
of the more important food materials pun-hased by this family are 
shown ill the following table: 

Table 1H. — ( 'oxt <if JixhI materlah per pound, and amonnl.t of protein and energy obtained 
for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 112. 



Kind of food iiiHtci'i.il 



Beef: 

Neck 

Liver 

Shank 

Mutton: 

Leg 

Neck 

Pork: 

Bacon 

Chops 

Feet 

Salt 

Fish: 

Bluetish 

Fre.sh cod 

Butter 

Milk 

Milk, conden.'ied 

Flour 

Bread 

Roll.s, water 

Sugar 

Green vegetables: Cabbage, 

tomatoes, turnips 

Potatoes 



Price per 
pound. 


Inl p 
Protein. 


ound. 

Fuel 
value. 


Cents. 
8.0 
8.0 
4.0 


Pound. 

0.145 

.207 

.096 


Calorieg. 
770 
605- 
405 



4.5 

12.0 
10.0 
6.0 
9.8 

6.0 
6.2 

21.9 
2.3 

10.0 
2.4 
4.6 
5.3 
4.6 

.8 
1.1 



. l.M 

. ra 

.091 
.134 

. l."l.S 
.019 

.100 
.165 
.010 
. 03:^ 
.088 
.112 
.092 
.090 



900 

985 

2. 795 
1,270 
1,405 
3. 670 

210 
325 
3, 605 
325 
1,520 
1,645 
1,215 
1,300 
1,860 



385 



Amounts bought for 10 cents. 


Total 
food. 


Protein. 


Fuel 
value. 


Pound.s. 


Pound. 


Calories. 


1.25 


0.18 


970 


1.25 


.26 


720 


2.50 


.24 


1,005 


1.39 


.21 


1,245 


2. 22 


.27 


2,180 


.83 


.08 


2,330 


1.00 


.13 


1,265 


1.67 


.26 


2,3.50 


1.02 


.02 


3, 765 


1.67 


.17 


. 350 


1.61 


.18 


460 


.46 
4.35 




1,615 
1,385 


.14 


1.00 


.09 


1,515 


4.17 


.46 


6,820 


2.17 


.20 


2, 640 


1.89 


.17 


2, 440 


2.17 
12.50 




9,115 
1,620 


.15 


9.10 


.21 


3,695 



Total 
amount 

ex- 
pended 
during 

study. 



Cents. 



6 
98 
35 
39 

27 
35 
126 
20 
59 
106' 
5 
5 
70 

14 
31 



The food for which they spent the most was butter, which furnished 
no protein and not so large an amount of energy for a given sum as 
some of the other food materials. For instance, $1.26 spent for butter 
furnished some 21,000 calories of energy, while $1.0(5 expended for 
flour purchased nearh^ 70,000 calories and in addition over a pound of 
protein. It may be questioned, however, whether any reduction in 
the l)utter would be desirable under the circumstances. The compari- 
son is made simply to show the relative returns for a given sum 
expended for different foods. The amount of green vegetables used 
was not large. Such food in reasonable amounts is very useful to 
give variety to the diet. The meats were all purchased at very low 
prices, bacon lieing the only one which cost moi"e than 10 cents a 



33 

pound. The mutton neck, at 4i cents u pound, furnished a hirge 
amount of protein and energy- for the money expended, and was by 
far the most economical of the meats purchased. The fish furnished 
considerable protein, but not much energy. This was probably a wise 
purchase, however, since the general tendency is to purchase foods 
containing relatively too miudi fuel ingredients as compared with the 
amounts of protein. The use of fish counterbalanced somewhat the 
comparativeh^ large amounts of sugar and liutter in the diet. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A TRUCKMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 177). 

This family consisted of the father, '4'S years old; the mother, 29 
years old; 3 sons, one 11, one 7, and one 5 years of age, and a male 
relative 30 years old. The members of the famil}^ weighed 130, 149, 
63, 50, 40, and 150 pounds, respectively. The father, a truck driver, 
earned $2 during the ten days covered by the study. The mother was 
employed as housekeeper, or janitor, receiving for her services the 
rent of their rooius and $4 a month in addition. The cousin was not 
working on full time, ))ut paid practically all his earnings ($16 per 
month) into the famih' treasury. The two older bo3^s obtained their 
dinner at school, and the 3"oungest at a kindergarten. 

The study began fraiuiary 26, 1897, and continued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Two men 60 

Woman ( 30 meals X 0. 8 meal of man ) , equivalent to 24 

Boy, 11 years old (22 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 13 

Boy, 7 years old (26 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 13 

Boy, 5 years old (22 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 9 

Visitor 1 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 120 

Equivalent to one man forty days. 

Table 17. — Weights and cod of food and, nutrients in dietary study No. 177. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Cost. Protein. 



vof Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Flank, .skirt steak, 4 pounds, 28 cents (35); 
neck, 1.20 pounds, 7 cents (21); rib, corned, 5 
pounds, 33 cents (9); shank, fore, 6 pounds, 30 cents 
(23); steak, chuck, 2.50 pounds, 25 cents (27); 
tripe, pickled, 2 pounds, 10 cents (38); corned, 
canned, 1 pound, 15 cents (5). Mutton: Chops, 2.50 
pounds, 35 cents (45); shoulder, 1 pound, 8 cents 
(51) 

Pork: Ham. boiled, 0.56 pound, 10 cents (64); lard, 
0.25 pound, 2 cents (69) 

Fisli: Herring, fresh, 2 pounds, 10 cents (95) 

Ei,'i;s, 0.63 iiound, 10 cents (114) 

Butter, l.iiS pciiinils, :n cents (118) 

Milk, 4.6:! pounds. 10 cents (124) 

Milk, condensed, 2 pounds, 18 cents (125) 

Total animal food 

27147— No. 116—02 3 



Cents. 



Grams. 



Calories. 



69 
30 
13 
150 
39 
76 



34 

Table 17. — Weights and cost of food and ■natrk'nts in dietarij stud;/ No. 177 — Continued. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Barley, 0.63 pound, 4 cents (126); flour, 1 
pound, 4 cents (131); oatmeal, 2 pounds, 7 cents 
(128); bread, 25.67 pounds, 96 cents (134); crackers, 
soda, 1 pound, 5 cents (156); rolls, plain, 4.50 
pounds, 20 cents (164) 

Sugar, 5.25 pounds, 24 cents (169) 

Vegetables: Cabbage, 4 pounds, 5 cents (179); onions, 
2.64 pounds, 8 cents 1 196) ; potatoes, 15.30 pounds, 
20 cents (204); soup greens, 1 pound. 6 cents (189); 
tomatoes, canned, 4 pounds, 26 cents (216) 

Fruits: Apples, dried, 1 pound, 10 cents (220) 



Total vegetable food 
Total food 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



cost. Protein. Fat. Car^^^^- ,f-l 



Cents. 



3.4 
6 



1.6 
.3 



13.0 



Grams. 



45 



Grams 



Grams. 



223 
59 



Calories. 



1,158 
242 



198 
32 



1,630 



2,620 



It seems hardly prolmble that this family was properly nourished. 
The quantities of protein and especially energy per man per day found 
in the dietary study are considerably below the commonly accepted 
standards. The prices paid for the animal food were reasonable, and 
the relative expenditure for animal food — 55 per cent of the total — was 
rather less than the average. The most expensive food material used 
was canned tomatoes, for which the family expended 5 per cent of the 
total outlay for food, although the protein obtained was but 0.5 per 
cent and the energy but 0.4 per cent of the total protein and energy, 
respectively, in the food. The same outlay would have given a more 
nutritious diet if a different selection of food had been made in some 
cases. If the cabbage, onions, soup greens, and tomatoes had been left 
out of the diet and two-thirds of the money expended for them used to 
buy dried peas or beans, and the remainder for the purcha.se of more 
potatoes and ])read, the protein could have been increased to 125 grams 
and the energy to 8,500 calories per man per day without increasing 
the cost. 



DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 178). 

This stud}^ was made with a family which consisted of the father, 
42 years old; the mother, 32 years old; the grandmother, 64 years 
old; four sons — one 14, one 13, one 9, and one 4 3'ears of age — and an 
infant 6 months old. The weights of the members of the family, 
aside from the infant, were 180, 145, 170, 110, 75, 60, and 30 pounds, 
respectivel3\ The father, a longshoreman, earned $3 during the ten 
days covered by the study. The oldest boy received $3.50 per week 
in a printing office. The family occupied four small rooms, only one 
of which was well lighted. The rent was paid by the mother's work 
as housekeeper or janitor. 



35 



The stiid}^ began February ♦>, 18!>7, and continued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Man 30 

Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man) , equivalent to 48 

Boy, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Boy, 13 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 

Boy, 9 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Boy, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Infant, equivalent to 9 

Visitor 1 



Total mmiber of meals taken equivalent to , 
Equivalent to one man fifty-two days. 



157 



Table 18. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 178. 



Kind.s, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Corned, 9.40 pounds, 49 cents (4); shank, hind, 
4.31 pounds, 20 cents (24) ; steak, chuck, 2.75 
pounds, 30 cents (27); tripe, pickled, 2 pounds, 10 
cents (38) 

Pork: Loin, ii.43 pounds, 42 cents (60); trimmings, 
1..50 pounds, 12 cents (82) , 

Fish: Cod, salt.l pound, 8 cents (91); herring, fresh, 
2.76 pounds, 15 cents (95) .' , 

Eggs, 0. 48 pound, 5 cents (114) , 

Butter, 2.50 pounds, 46 cents (118) 

Milk, 7.57 potinds. 24 cents (124) 

Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, 4 pounds, 11 cents (131); bread, 24.06 
Dounds, 51 cents (138); buns, 6.88 pounds, 30 cents 
(140) 

Sugar, 6 pounds, 34 cents ( 169) 

Vegetables: Beans, dried, 1.87 pounds, 7 cents (175); 
cabbage, 5.25 pounds, 7 cents (179); carrots, 0.37 
pound, 1 cent (182); onions, 0.66 pound, 3 cents 
(196); peas, 1 pound, 2 cents (200); potatoes, 22.74 
pounds, 30 cents (204) ; turnips, 4.75 pounds, 6 cents 
(218) 

Total vegetable food 

Total food 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Cost. Protein. 



2.1 
1.0 



43 



43 



Tj, J. Carbohy- Fuel 
'^"'- drates. value. 



Grains. 



Calories. 



335 



43 

4 

168 

49 



171 

52 



282 



850 



213 



1,405 
2, 2.55 



The income of this familj^ during the time of the study was very 
limited, indeed, and the amount expended for food, 8.5 cents per man 
per day, was unusually small. The food materials obtained for this 
.sum supplied 86 grams of protein and 2,25.5 calories of energy, which 
gives evidence of considerable careful management on the part of the 
mother. The quantity of nutrients, however, was insufficient for the 
proper nouri.shment of the famih. It is interesting to note that in 
this case 2 pounds of dried beans were used during the time of the 
study. The prices paid for meats were very reasonable and the cost 
of vegetables, other than potatoes, was small. 



36 



The following table shows the quantity of protein and energy in 10 
cents' worth of the different food materials purchased by this family: 

Table 19. — Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained 
for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 178. 



Kind of food material. 



Beef: 

Corned 

Hind shank 

ChiK'k steak 

Pickled tripe 

Pork: 

Loin 

Trimmings 

Fish: 

Salt cod 

Fresh herring 

Butter 

Milk 

Flour 

Bread 

Buns 

Sugar 

Beans, dried 

Green vegetables: Cabbage 
carrots, onions, peas, tur 

nips 

Potatoes 



Price per 
pound. 



Cents. 
5.2 
4.6 
10.9 
5.0 

7.7 
8.0 

8.0 
5.4 
18.4 
3.2 
2.8 
2.1 
4.4 
5.7 
3.7 



1.6 
1.3 



In 1 pound. 



Protein. 



Pound. 

0.183 

.096 

.166 

.117 

.166 
.050 

.190 
.195 
.010 
.033 
.112 
.109 
.081 



.225 



Fuel 
value. 



Calories. 

1,385 

405 

735 

270 

1,580 
2,835 

3,670 
660 
3,605 
325 
1,645 
1, 215 
1,450 
1,860 
1,605 



385 



Amounts bought for 10 cents. 



Total 
food. 



Pounds. 

1.92 

2.17 

.92 

2.00 

1.30 
1.25 

1.25 
1.85 
.54 
3.13 
3.57 
4.76 
2.27 
1.75 
2.70 



6.25 
7.69 



Protein. 



Pound. 

0.35 

.21 

.15 

.23 

.21 
.06 

.24 
.36 



.21 
.17 



Fuel 
value. 



Calories. 

2,650 

870 

675 

545 

2,045 
3,535 

460 
1,215 
1,960 
1,020 
5,975 
5, 920 
3, 325 
3, 280 
4, 285 



1,855 
2, 945 



Total 
amount 

ex- 
pended 
during 

study. 



Cents. 



It will be seen that flour, stale bread, and beans were the most 
economical sources of both protein and energy. As sources of pro- 
tein, the pork trimmings and the milk, and as sources of energy some 
of the meats were the least economical. The most economical meat was 
the corned beef, which the family obtained for about 5 cents a pound; 
the most expensive was the chuck steals. It is difficult to make sug- 
gestions for improvement in such a case unless more money was avail- 
able for the purchase of food. If the family had been willing to eat 
more beans and bread, less vegetables, less meats, and rather less 
sugar, more nutriment could have been obtained for the same money. 
If the}^ had had means to increase the ration one-third in amount with 
the same relative distribution of purcha.ses as was actually found, the 
protein and energy would have been neady sufficient for their needs, 
and the cost would have been less than 12 cents per man per day. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER'S FAMILY (NO. 180). 

This study was made with the same family as in studies No. 16fi 
above, and No. 31 previously published." The father had work at his 
trade of carpentering only a few hours a da}', and earned not more than 
$5 a week. The older son (aged 20 3^ears) gave his mother IT a week. 
The 14-year-old daughter also gave her wages of $3 a week to her 
mother. The family were in good health. 



« U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 46, 



37 

The study began February IT, 1897, ami continued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Two men 60 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Girl, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Boy, 11 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man ), equivalent to 18 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 123 

Equivalent to one man forty-one days. 

Table 20. — WeigJds and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. ISO. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



y ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder, 2.50 pounds, 25 cents (2G); steak, 
round, 5.00 pounds, 05 cents (29); fore shank, 1 
pound,? cents ('23); kidney, 2.29 pounds, 20 cents 
(17) ; cottolene, 2.13 pounds", 22 cents (12) 

Pork: Loin, fresh, 2.81 pounds, 33 cents (81); ham, 
smoked, 2.76 pounds, 50 cents (65): ham, boiled, 
0.80 pound, 10 cents (64) 

Chickens, 3.50 pounds, 40 cents (83) 

Eggs, 6.12 pounds, 71 cents (117) 

Butter, 3.31 pounds, 77 (>ents (118) 

Cheese, 0.19 pound, 5 cents (120) 

Milk, 37.75 pounds, 90 cents (124) 



Total animal food , 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour,4.82 pounds, 15 cents (131); rice, 1.50 
pounds,8 cents (i:30): iirci);ircd flour, 2.13 pounds, 
8 cents (133); bread, 17. (is jiouuds, 56 cents (134); 
bread, brown, 0.94 pound, 2 cents (135); rolls, plain, 
11.62 pounds,60 cents (164); doughnuts,3. 37 pounds, 
20 cents (157) 

Sugar, 3.93 pounds, 15 cents (169) 

Vegetables: Beans, 1.75 pounds, 7 cents (175); cab- 
bage,3.50 pounds, 5 cents (179); onion.s,l. 19 pounds. 
Scents (196); peas, green, 2 pounds, 5 cents (199); 
potatoes, 33.31 pounds, 39 cents (204); soup greens, 
0.68 pound. 5 cents (189); tomatoes, I pound, 8cents 
(215); sauerkraut, 3.63 pounds, 10 cents (212) 

Fruits; Apples, 3.92 pounds, 7 cents (222); raspberry 
jelly, 1 pound, 14 cents (232) ". . 



Total vegetable food 
Total food 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Cost. Protein. 



3.4 
2.3 



4.1 
.4 



2.0 
.5 



19.6 



Fat. 



Gravia. 



119 



59 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 



Grams. 



276 
44 



138 



Calories. 



263 

84 



288 

13 

302 



1,445 



1,470 

180 



2, 145 



3,590 



The quantities of protein and energy per man per day found in this 
dietary study were in close agreement with those called for by the 
commonly accepted standard for men at moderate muscular work. 
The cost, while reasonaV)le, was considera])ly larger than in .some of 
the previous studies, and in view of the small and uncertain income of 
the father might advantageously have been reduced by the substitution 
of cereal foods and dried legumes for the larger portion of the vege- 
tables other than potatoes, and for part of the meats. It must be 
remembered that while meats form an appetizing part of the diet, and 
one which the average American workman thinks he can not do with 
out, they are probabl}^ not absolutely indispensable. 



38 



DIETARY STUDY OF A SAIL RIGGER'S FAMILY (NO. 183). 

This study was made in a family comprising the father, 50 years 
old, Irish born; the mother, 45 years old, also Irish born; and three 
sons, one 15, one 12, and one 6 years of age, weighing 200, 180, 78, 
60, and 40 pounds, respectively. They were all in good health. The 
father, a sail rigger, earned $3 per day when working full time, but 
seldom was fully employed. During the time covered by the study he 
worked but two days on account of wet weather. Three rooms, all 
light, cost the family $10 a month. 

The study began March 13, 1897, and continued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Man 30 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Boy, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Boy, 12 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 

Boy, 6 years old (24 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 108 

Equivalent to one man thirty-six days. 

Table 21.— Weights and cod of food and nutrients in dietary sttidy No. 183. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food 
per day. 


per man 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Flank, corned, 4.68 pounds, 35 cents (44a); 
heart, 3.88 pounds, 12 cents (16); neck, 2 pounds, 
15 cents (21); steak, chuck, 3.25 pounds, 41 cents 

(28) 


Cents. 

2.8 

2.4 
.6 
.4 
.4 
.9 


Grams. 

27 

23 
6 
2 


Grams. 

42 
34 


Grams. 


Calories. 
501 


Pork: Bacon, 1.24 pounds, 10 cents (59); chops, 2.32 
pounds, 35 cents (60); feet, pickled, 8.37 pounds, 
12 cents (63) 




411 


Fish ■ Cod, fresh 2 81 pounds, 21 cents (90) 




26 




1 
7 
6 




18 


Butter 62 pound 13 cents ( 118) 




65 


Milk, 11.12 pounds, 33 cents (124) 


5 


7 


105 






Total animal food . 


7.5 


63 


90 


7 


1,125 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Barley, pearled, 0.31 pound, 2 cents (126); 
bread, 40.36 pounds, 11.32 (134) 


3.7 

.8 

2.9 


47 


7 


273 
73 

93 


1,376 




299 


Vegetables: Beans, 2 pounds, 8 cents (175); cabbage, 
8.99 pounds, 20 cents (180); onions, 1.25 pounds, 
6 cents (196); potatoes, 28.75 pounds, 45 cents (204); 
soup greens, 1.25 pounds, 5 cents (189); tomatoes, 
4 pounds, 16 cents (216); turnips, 1.75 pounds, 2 
cents (218) 


17 


1 


460 






Total vegetable food 


7.4 


64 


8 


439 


2,135 






Total food 


14.9 


127 


98 


446 


3,260 







The quantit}^ of protein consumed per man per day by this family 
was slightly larger, while the energy was somewhat smaller than called 
for by the commonl}^ accepted standard for a man at moderate work. 



39 

Inasinufh as protein is tho most expoiisive luitriont and is furnished 
hy animal foods in relatively lar^-er proportions than in veg-etable 
foods, it would a[)pear that this family mioht hsive had a rather better 
balanced ration ])y substituting- cereals for a portion of the animal 
food. Such a chang(^ would certainly not ha^'e increased and perhaps 
might have diminished the cost of the diet. As it was, how^ever, the 
cost was ver}'^ reasonable, amounting- to l)ut 15 cents per man per day. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A DAY LABORER'S FAMILY (NO. 185). 

This family comprised the father, 45 years old; the mother, 45 years 
old, and four children; two boys, one 21 and the other 16 years old, 
and two girls, one aged 13 and the other 7 years. Their w^eights were 
169, 235, 169, 130, 89, and 63 pounds, respectively. The health of 
the family was good. The father, a day laborer, had been idle for 
some time. The mother earned fi-om $1 to $1.50 a week washing. 
The young man was a helper on a truck wagon receiving |3 a week 
wages. The rent of two back rooms, one dark, which they occupied 
was $5.50 a month. Food was bought In' the meal and there was no 
visible waste. They used stale bread which could be purchased at 
half the price of fresh bread. Any food left from one meal remained 
on the table till the next. 

The study began March 2, 1897, and continued tenda3\s. The nuiu- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Two men 60 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Boy, 16 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man ), equivalent to 24 

Girl, 13 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man ), equivalent to 18 

Boy, 7 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 141 

Equivalent to one man forty-seven days. 

T.\BLE 22. — WeigJils and cost of food and milrienls hi dietary study No. 185. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Shoulder clod, 2 pounds, 20 cents (26); skirt- 
ing steak, 3.50 pounds, 36 cents (36) 

Pork: Shoulder, corned. 5.56 pounds, 42 cents (78); 
sausage meat, 2 pounds, 18 cents (75) 

Eggs, 1.12 pounds, 25 cents (114) 

Butter, 2.75 pounds, 54 cents (118) 

Cheese, 1 pound, 13 cents (120) 

Milk, 18.70 pounds, 46 cents (124) 

Total animal food 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Cost. 

Cents. 
1.2 

1.3 
.5 

1.1 
.3 

1.0 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


Grams. 
9 

12 

1 


Grams. 

8 

24 
1 

23 
3 

7 


Grains. 


Calories. 
112 




273 




14 




214 


3 
6 




40 


9 


127 


5.4 


31 


66 


9 


780 



40 

Table 22. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in diefanj stndi/ ^o. 185 — Continued. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Oatmeal, 6 pounds, 20 cents (128); bread, 
39.37 pounds, 78 cents (138); buns, 1.14 pounds, 5 
cents (140); crackers, soda, O.SOpound, 4 cents (150); 


Cents. 

2.4 
1.0 


Grams. 

51 
1 
3 


Orams. 
10 


6i-ams. 

249 
89 
21 


Calories. 
1 3''3 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 6.20 pounds, 22 cents 
(170); sugar, 4. .56 pounds, 24 cents (169); cornstarch, 
0.37 pound, 3 cents (172) 


3G9 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 4 pounds, 4 cents (180); pota- 
toes, 9.19 pounds, 21 cents (204); turnips, 3.44 
pounds, 7 cents (218) 




98 








Total vegetable food 


4.1 
9.5 


55 
86 


10 


359 


1 790 






Total food 


76 


368 


2,570 







The family here studied, like that in No. ITS, had a very small 
income. This fact was apparent in the (juantit}" of nutrients and energy 
in the food (>aten. A considerable deg-ree of good management was 
dis})layed, however, in the selection of food, which cost but 0.5 cents 
per man per da}'. The chief suggestion for the improvement of this 
dietar}^ would be an increase in the amounts of protein and enei-gv by 
one-fourth or two-fifths. If this were done l)y increasing proportionally 
the quantities of food materials actually used it would make the cost only 
about 11.5 cents per man per day. If, however, the family felt that 
they could not increase the living expenses, an increase of nutriment 
might still have been obtained by using less animal food and a corres- 
ponding larger amount of cereal foods. This might, of course, have 
detracted to some extent from the palatability of the diet according to 
the opinion of the average working man. but would have furnished the 
protein and energy required for proper nourishment of the body. At 
the same time the diet would have been wholesome. 



DIETARY STUDY OF A FRUIT VENDER'S FAMILY (NO. 186). 

This study was carried on in, an Italian family comprising the hus- 
band, 55 years; his wife, 36 years; a nephew of 16 years, a niece 
of 8 years, a brother-in-law, 45 years, and his wife, 40 years of age. 
The weights of the members of the family were 200, 130, 120, 45, 120, 
and 130 pounds, ]"espectiyel3\ All were natives of Italy, and the three 
men were employed at fruit vending. The head of the family earned 
$10 or $12 a week, and his wife, who sewed for a clothing house, 
earned a few dollars a week. The brother-in-law and nephew worked 
for their board. During the study the men worked eight days. 
They had a cup of coffee when they went out to work at 4 o'clock in 
the morning, and later in the day purchased a cup of coffee and some 
rolls; the other meals were taken at home. It has been assumed, that, 



41 

as the food eaten away from home was small in amount, each one of 
the men had the e({uivalent of twenty-six full meals at home during 
the study. Ten dollars a month rent was paid for the three rooms 
which they occupied. Food was bought by the da3\ 

The study began March 17, 1897, and continued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Two men 52 

Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man ), equivalent to 48 

Boy, 16 yeai'H old (26 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Girl, 8 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), ecjuivalent to 15 

Total number (,)f meals taken equivalent to 136 

Equivalent to one man forty-flve days. 

Table 23. — Weiglds (ind cod of food (ind ludrienls in didarii stndi/ Xo. 186. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Chopped, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (29); shank, 
fore, 6 pounds, 44 cents (23): steak, sirloin, 4 
pounds, 52 cents (33); steak, round, 2 pounds, 24 
eents(29); suet, 1 pound, 5 cents(37). Veal: Chops, 
l.Gl pounds, 20 cents (54); cutlets, 1 pound, 14 
cents (55) . 


3.9 
1.2 

1.0 
2. 9 


drams. 

27 

12 

11 

16 


Gram.f. 

2C 

40 
10 

3 
13 
23 

7 
17 


Grams. 


Calories. 
353 


Fork: Chops, 2.68 pounds. 26 cents (60); ham, 0.50 

pound, 10 cents (66); lard, 3 pounds, 18 cents (ti9). 

Chicken 6.11 pounds 98 cents (83) 




393 




142 


Kish: Cod, salt, 3 pounds, 18 cents (91); shad, fresh, 
2.fsl piiiinils, 2S cents (108) 




73 


Ekks 12 12 pdinids S^l 29 (114) 




187 




1.2 




214 






r. 




86 


Milk, 40.98 pounds, 96 cents (124) 


2.1 1 14 


21 


302 








15.2 1 90 


1:^9 


21 


1 750 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 2 pounds, 8 cents (151); rice, 4 
pounds, 25 cents (130); macaroni, 6.50 pounds, 40 
cents (158); vermicelli, 1 pound, 9 cents (168); 
bread, 25.08 pounds, $1.16 (134); cake, 1.25 pounds, 
15 cents (142); pie, apple, 1 pound, 10 cents (160) . . 

Sugars, starches, oils, etc.: Sugar, 6 pounds, 29 cents, 
(169); cocoa, 0.50 pound, 11 cents (171); olive oil, 
1 .36 pounds, 34 cents (173) 


.5.0 
1.6 

3.4 
.3 


39 
1 

10 

1 


7 
15 

3 
2 


249 

62 

39 
6 


1,246 
397 


Vegetables: Beans, dry, 1 pound, 5 cents (175); cab- 
bage, 4 pounds, 6 cents (180); greens, dandelion, 2 
pounds, 17 cents (188); greens, 5.43 pounds, 30 
cents (189); onions, 1 pound, 5 cents (195); parsley, 
0.12 pound, 1 cent (197): pickles, mixed, 1 pound, 
10 cents (203): potatoes, 10.49 pounds, 14 cents 
(204); spinacli, 4.12 iiouuds, ;33 cents (214); toma- 
toes, 8 poiuids :;() cents ( 215) 


21U 


Fruits: Jelly, currant, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (232) ; nuts, 
0.50 pound, 5 cents (242) 


47 








9.3 


51 


25 


356 


1,900 






Total food 


24.5 


141 


164 


377 


3,650 







Judged by the usual dietary standards, this family consumed food 
in excess of their needs. The protein might have been reduced b}' 
one-seventh and still have been sufficient according to the commonly 
accepted dietai-y standards. The energy, however, could have been 



42 



reduced but very little. The cost of the food, 24.5 cents per man per 
day, was much greater than in some of the dietary studies previously 
described. This was due in part to the use of more expensive meats 
and in part to the purchase of green vegetables. The cost of the diet 
could have been largel}^ reduced by the selection of cheaper meats and 
lish, the use of fewer eggs, and especially by decreasing the amount of 
green vegetables and using cereals and dr}" legumes in their place. The 
relative values of some of the principal items in this study are illus- 
trated in the following talile, showing the amounts of protein and 
energy in 10 cents' worth of each at prices actually paid per pound: 



Table 24.- 



-Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained 
jor 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 186. 





Price per 
pound. 


In 1 pound. 


Amounts 


bought for 10 cents. 


Total 
amount 


Kind of food material. 


Protein. 


Fuel 
value. 


Total 
food. 


Protein. 


Fuel 
value. 


pended 
during 
study. 


Beef: 


Cents. 
10.0 

7.3 
13.0 
12. 

5.0 

12.5 
14.0 

9.6 

20.0 

6.0 

16.0 

6.0 

10.0 

10.6 

20.0 

17.0 

2.3 

4.0 

6.2 

6.2 

9.0 

4.6 

12.0 

10.0 

4.8 

22.0 

25.0 

5.0 

1.5 

8.5 

5.5 

5.0 

10.0 

1.3 

8.0 

3.8 

10.7 

10.0 


Pound. 
0.190 
.128 
.165 
.190 
.047 

.199 
.201 

.166 
.142 


Calories. 
895 
545 
985 
895 
3, MO 

825 
690 

1,580 

1,675 

4, 220 

1,045 

315 

750 

720 

3,605 

1,950 

325 

1, 655 

1,630 

1,665 

1,625 

1,215 

1,675 

1,270 

1,860 

2, 320 

4, 220 

1,605 

125 

285 

220 

205 

110 

385 

110 

105 

1,560 

1,600 


Pounits. 

1.00 

1.37 

.77 

.83 

2.00 

.80 
.71 

1.04 

.50 

1.67 

.63 

1.67 

1.00 

.94 

.50 

.59 

4.35 

2.5^^ 

1.61 

1.61 

1.11 

2.17 

.83 

1.00 

2.08 

.45 

.40 

2.00 

6.67 

1.18 

1.82 

2.00 

1.00 

7.69 

1.25 

2.63 

.93 

1.00 


Pound. 
0.19 
.18 
.13 
.16 
.09 

.16 
.14 

.17 
.07 


Calories. 

^l 

760 

745 

7,080 

600 
495 

1,645 

835 

7,035 

655 

525 

750 

680 

1,800 

1,145 

1,415 

4,140 

2,630 

2,685 

1,805 

2, 640 

1,395 

1,270 

3,875 

1,055 

1,690 

3,210 

835 

335 

400 

410 

110 

2,960 

140 

275 

1,460 

1,600 


Cents. 
15 


Fore shank 


44 




52 


Round 


24 


Suet 


5 


Veal: 

Chops 


20 


Cutlets 


14 


Pork: 


26 




10 




18 




.193 
.190 
.188 
.134 
.010 
.259 
.033 
.092 
.080 
.134 
.109 
.092 
. 0C)3 
.031 


.i2 

.32 

. .19 

.13 


98 


Cod salt 


18 


Shad 


28 




129 


Butter 


55 




.15 
, .14 
.23 
.13 
.22 
.12 
.20 
.05 
.03 


34 


Milk 


96 


Corn meal 


8 


Rice 


25 


Macaroni 


40 




9 


Bread 


116 


Cake 


15 




10 




29 


Cocoa 


.216 


.10 


11 


Olive oil. 


34 


Beans, dried 


.225 
.014 
.024 
.042 
.014 
.011 
.022 
.021 
.009 
.020 
.079 


.45 
.09 
.03 
.08 
.03 
.01 
.17 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.08 


5 




6 


G reens, dandelion 


17 


Greens 


30 


Onions 


5 


Pickles 


10 




14 


Spinach 


33 


Tomatoes 


30 


Jellv 


8 


Nuts 


5 







DIETARY STUDY OF A WATCHMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 187). 

This study was made in the same family as that in dietary study No. 
34, reported in a previous publication.'* The family comprised the 
father, 50 years old; the mother, 40 years old; an aunt, 26 years 
old, and seven children — three boys, one 20, one 15, and one 13 
years, and four girls, one 16, one 12, one 7, and one 3 years of age. 

« U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 46. 



43 



The weights of the different members were 150, 120, 95, 117, 83, 
65, 10(>, f)0, 50, and 30 pounds, respective!}'. The father, a night 
watchman, was unemployed at the time of the study; the mother 
went out cleaning and earned $3 a week. The oldest son was a 
printer, and always gave his mother $10 or 1|12 a week. The older 
daughter was learning to make kid gloves and earned $3 a week. 
The aunt was employed at book folding^ and paid 13 a week for board. 
The family paid $13 a month rent for four rooms. Food was pur- 
chased by the day for cash. The family were thrifty in their habits 
and neat in appearance. 

The study began March 24, 1897, and continued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Two men 60 

Two women (56 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 45 

Girl, 16 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Boy, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Boy and girl, 13 and 12 years old (60 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to , 36 

Girl, 7 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Girl, 3 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 213 

Equivalent to one man seventy-one days. 
Table 25. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 187. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Co.st. 



Protein. 



Fat. 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, sirloin, 4.68 pounds, 60cents(33) ; corned, 
5 pounds, 30 cents (3) . Lamb, 3.5 pounds, 32 cents 
(43a) 

Pork: Ham, 5 pounds, 09 cents (66) 

Chicken, 3.37 pounds, 39 cents (83) 

Fish: Salmon, canned,! pound, 18centsil04); .smelts, 
5 pound.s, 45 cents (109); oysters, 1.38 pounds, 25 
cents ( 101 ) 

Eggs, 7.22 pounds, 63 cents (114) 

Butter, 4.62 pounds, S1.07 (118) 

Cheese, 0.5 pound, 8 cents ( 120) 

Milk, 12.07 pounds, 29 cents (124) 

Milk, condensed, 5.5 pounds, 40 cents (125) 

Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Barley, pearled, 0.44 pound, 2 cents (126); 
bread, 6.25 pounds, 20 cents (134); bread, rye, 39.2 
pounds,|1.42 (136); crackers, soda, 1 pound, 7 cents 
(156) 

Sugar, 13.5 pounds, 62 cents (169) 

Vegetables: Beans, 2 pounds, 8 cents (175); cabbage, 
2.94 pounds, 8 cents (179); cabbage, 2.74 pounds, 7 
cents(181); carrots,0.62 pound, 1 cent (182); greens, 
0.5pound,3 cents (189); onions, 0.87 pound, 3 cents 
(196); peas, dried, 1 pound, 4 cents (200); potatoes, 
24.95 pounds, 29 cents (204) ; tomatoes, 2 pounds, 8 
cents (215); tomato catsup, 2 pounds, 5 cents (217) . . 

Fruits; Prunes, 6.24 pounds, 58 cents (237) 

Total vegetable food 

Total food , 



CenU. 



1.7 
.9 
.6 



1.2 
.9 

1.5 
.1 
.4 
.6 



GraviK. 



Grams. 



Calories. 



234 
118 
40 



38 
71 

232 
13 
56 

118 



2.4 

.8 



1.2 

.8 



162 
86 



794 
353 



240 
123 



13.1 



346 



1,510 
2, 430 



44 

The quantities of protein and energy in this studj^ were below those 
which it is believed suffice for the proper nourishment of a man at 
moderate muscular work and should have been increased b}" about 40 
per cent. The cost of the increased ration, provided it consisted of 
the same kinds of food materials and in the same proportions, w^ould 
have been about 18.5 cents per man per day. Such a sum is quite 
reasonable. However, the amounts of nutrients might have been 
increased, without much increase in cost, by the purchase of cheaper 
meats and fewer green vegetables and by the use of more cereals and 
legumes. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A BOOKBINDER'S FAMILY (NO. 188). 

This study was made in a family which consisted of the father, 36 
years old, the mother, 39 years old, and eight children — six daughters, 
aged, respectively, 18, 16, 14, 10, 6, and 4 years, and two sons, one 12 
and the other "2 years of age. The weights of the family were 165, 
125, 110, 100, 86, 65, 50, 40, 75, and 35 pounds, respectively. The father, 
a bookbinder, who had worked in the same place for twenty 3'ears, 
earned $12 a week. The two older girls were wage-earners, one work- 
ing at bookbinding, the other at kid-glove making. Each paid their 
mother $2.50 a week. This family had occupied the same four rooms, 
for which they paid $13 a month rent, for thirteen vears. Food was 
bought in small quantities for cash. There was no avoidable waste. 

The study began March 24, 1807, and continued ten days. The 
number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Man 30 

Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 48 

Two girls, 16 and 14 years old (60 meals X 0.7 meal of man), ecuiiv- 

aleiit to 42 

Two children, 12 and 10 year.s olil (60 meals X 0.6 meal of man), 

equivalent to 36 

Child, 6 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Two children, 2 and 4 years old (60 meals X 0.4 meal of man), 

equivalent to 24 

Total mimber of meals taken equivalent to 195 

Equivalent to one man sixty-five days. 



45 

Table 26. — Weights and cost of food and miirients^ in dietary study No. 1S8. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Corned, 11.50 pounds, SI. 15 (3); steak, round, 
4 pounds, 48 cents (29); steak, sirloin, 4 pounds, 
.53 cents (33) 


Cents. 
3.3 

1.4 
.6 

2.6 
.2 

2.4 


Grams. 

22 

9 

4 


Grams. 

27 

1 
3 

33 
2 

1.5 


Grams. 


Calories. 
341 


Fish: Cod, fresh, 3 pounds, 24 cents, (89); cod, salt, 
3 pounds, 21 cents (91): oysters, 3.30 pounds, 25 
cents (101 i: salmon, canned, 1 pound, 18cents(104). 

Eggs, 4. .58 pounds, 41 cents ( 117) 


1 


50 
44 


Butter, 5.5 pounds, SI. 65 (118) 




307 


Cheese, 1 pound, 10 cents (120) 


2 

12 




26 


Milk, 52.92 pounds, $1.56 (124) 


18 


262 








Total animal food 


10. 5 


49 1 81 


19 


1,030 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Rice, 1 pound, 6 cents (1:30); bread, rye, 
1.06 pounds, 5 cents (13r;i; bread, wheat, ,59.32 
pounds, SI. 79 (134); buns.d.ss ]H,iuid, 5 cents(140); 
cakes, sweet, 1 pound, 16 cents i li2i : crackers, 0.50 
pound, 9 cents, (152); mufftns, 0.68 pound, 5 cents 
(159): rolls, plain, 3.76 pounds, 20 cents (164) 

Sugar, 8..55 pounds, 41 cents (169) 


3.8 
.6 

1.2 

_2 


31 


6 


183 
60 

39 

8 


933 
246 


Vegetables: Corn, canned, 3 pounds, 20 cents (185): 
potatoes, 25.12 pounds, 28 cents (204); tomatoes, 


1 

5 1 1 


189 




?.'>. 




1 






5.8 


:S6 1 7 1 290 1,400 






Total food 


16.3 


85 88 1 309 ! 2.4:50 













As in the previous study, the quantities of nutrients and energy 
consumed per man per day should have been about 40 per cent larger 
in order to equal the amounts usually considered as desirable for men 
at moderate work. The father, however, worked indoors and at not 
especially active labor, so that it ma}^ be that the family needed rather 
less than is called for by the standard suggested. At the time of the 
study the family expended '$7.40 per week for food, which was about 
half their income. If the diet selected had been increased b}' 40 per 
cent the cost would have been 22,8 cents per man })er day. The rela- 
tively high cost as compared with that olxserved in some of the pre- 
vious studies is accounted for by the use of more expensive meats, by 
the higher price paid for some of the cheaper cuts of meat, and prob- 
ably also for bakers' goods, and by the expenditures for canned corn 
and canned tomatoes. 



DIETARY STUDY OF A BUTCHER'S FAMILY (NO. 192). 

The family in this study consisted of the husband (a butcher's assist- 
ant) and his wife, both natives of Ireland. The husl)and was sober 
and industrious and earned $11 per week. He also received a late 
breakfast at his employer's expense. His work began very early in 
the morning. The family paid J^7.50 a month rent for two rooms. 
Food was bought by the day for cash. 



46 

The .stud}^ began April 3, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Man 22 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of nT n), equivalent to 24 

Woman visitor (5 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 4 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 50 

Equivalent to one man seventeen days. 

Table 27. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 192. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, sirloin, 2 pounds. 24 cents (33). Lamb 
chops, ft..5 pounds, 46 cents (46). Mutton, shoul- 


Cents. 

5.0 
3.5 
1.0 
2.5 
1.2 
.2 
.4 


Grams. 

43 
19 
6 
17 


Grams. 

56 
45 


Grams. 


Calories. 
697 


Pork- Ham. 5 pounds, 60 cents (66) 




496 


Fish: Cod, 2 pounds, 16 cents (89) 




24 




14 

17 

1 

2 




200 


Butter, 0.75 pound, 21 cents ( 118) 




158 


Milk, 1.25 pounds, 4 cents (124) 


1 
3 


2 
14 


22 




88 








13.8 


89 


135 


16 


1,685 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals' Bread, 8.25 pounds, 29 cents (134) 


1.7 
2.0 

1.9 


20 
3 

11 


3 
4 

1 


117 
105 

74 


590 


Sugars, starches, and oils: Sugar, 3.75 pounds, 18 
cents (169); cocoa, 0.5 pound, 16 cents (171) 

Vegetables: Cabbage, 5 pounds, 5 cents (180): dan- 
aelion greens, 75 pound, 2 cents (188): potatoes, 
11.74 pounds, 15 cents (204); tomatoes, 2 pounds, 7 
cents (215); turnips, 2.75 pounds, 3 cents (218) 


480 
360 


Total vegetable food 


5.6 34 


8 


296 


1,430 






Total food 


19.4 12;^ 


143 


312 


3,115 











In this study the cost of food per man per day is not excessive in 
proportion to the income, while the nutrients and energy obtained are 
not far from the amounts called for by the usual dietarv standard. 



DIETARY STUDY OF A SAIL RIGGER'S FAMILY (NO. 193). 

The famih' here studied consisted of the father, born in Germany, 
aged 42 j^ears, weighing 160 pounds; the mother, born in Sweden, 
aged 62 years, weighing 202 pounds; and a daughter, 6 years old, 
weighing 52 pounds. The father, a sail rigger, earned $21 per week. 
On working da3^s he bought his breakfasts at a restaurant. The 
family occupied four rooms, for which the}^ paid $14 a month rent, 
but sublet one room for $B a month. Food was bought for cash in 
small quantities at the small markets. 



47 

The study began April 3, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Man 23 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man ), equivalent to 24 

Girl, 6 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 62 

Equivalent to one man twenty-one days. 



Table 28. — Weiglds and cost of food and nidrienls in dietary study No. 193. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Round steak, 4.5 pounds, 54 cents (29); blood, 
2 pounds, 10 cents (39a). Veal: Cutlets, 1.5 pounds, 
12 cents (55) ; leg, 5.5 pounds, 55 cents (56) 


Cents. 

6.2 
1.4 

3.6 


Grams. 

47 
9 

20 


Grams. 

24 

8 

3 


Grams. 


Calories. 
416 


Chicken, 2.25 pounds, 30 cents (83) 




111 


Fish: Cod, 2 pounds, 10 cents (87); pike, fresh, 4 
pounds, 24 cents (103): perch, yellow, 2 pounds, 15 
cents (102); sardines, canned, 1 pound, 25 cents (107) 

Eggs 9 37 pounds 75 cents (114) 




110 


3.6 ; 27 i 21 

2.3 1 : 39 

.9 ' 5 7 

2.3 ' 13 1 12 




306 


Butter, 2.11 pounds, 49 cents (118) 




367 


Milk 7 44 pounds 19 cents (124) 


8 
82 


119 


Milk, condensed, 7 pounds, 49 cents (125) 


501 








20.3 


122 


114 


90 


1 , 9:W 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, 3 pounds, 12 cents (131); cake, coffee, 
1.13 pounds, 8 cents (143): bread, rye, 3.88 pounds, 
18 cents ( 136) : bread, wheat, 2 pounds, 8 cents (134) ; 


2.4 
1.0 

2.2 
.5 


23 


5 


144 
105 

91 

5 


731 


Sugar 4 87 pounds, 20 cents (169) 


431 


Vegetables: Leeks, 0.39 pound, 1 cent (192); onions, 
1 pound, 2 cents (195) ; parsnips, 4.25 pounds, 2 cents 
(198); potatoes, 17.92 pounds, 20 cents (204); sweet 
potatoes, 0.36 pound, 1 cent (207); tomatoes, 6 


11 


1 


428 


Fruits; Apples, green, 2 pounds, 10 cents (221) 


20 










6.1 


34 


6 


345 


1,610 






Total food 


26.4 


156 


120 


435 


3,540 







The famil}^ here studied were in better circumstances than the 
majority of those described in this bulletin. The quantity of protein 
in the food per man per day was largely in excess of that called for by 
the commonly accepted dietary standard; the energy, however, was 
very close to that called for by the dietary standard for a man at 
moderate work. The excess of protein indicates that a considerable 
reduction might have been made in the amounts of such animal foods 
as meat, fish, and eggs, which furnished protein rather than energy. 
At the same time this would have reduced the cost of the ration, owing 
to the relativel}^ large amount expended for animal foods as compared 
with vegetable and more particularly cereal foods. The 21 cents 
expended for tomatoes furnished but little actual nutriment, but doubt- 
less added to the palatability of the diet. 



48 

DIETARY STUDY OF A WASHERWOMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 194). 

This famil}^ consisted of the mother, 55 years old, and two adult chil- 
dren, a son 21 years old and a daughter 36 years old. There were also 
two children of the latter, girls, one aged 11 and the other 6 years, and 
two children of another daughter who was out at service, namely, 
a girl 11 years old and a boy -1 years old. The weights of the mem- 
bers of the family were 135, 140, 160, 80, 42, 75, and 30 pounds, 
respectively. The father and the two sons-in-law were dissipated and 
did not live with the family. The persons included in the study were 
sober and economical, but in very poor circumstances; the children 
were in rags. All. however, were in good health. The mother and 
the daughter did washing to pay the rent, and the daughter earned 
$2.50 a week in addition. The son was a truck driver and earned $7 
a week. Food was purchased for cash by the day at the small 
markets. 

The stud}' l)egan April 14. 1897, and continued ten days. The num- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
INlan 30 

Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent, to 48 

Two girls, 11 years old (60 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to. . 36 

Girl, 6 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Boy, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man) , equivalent to 12 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 141 

Equivalent to one man forty-seven days. 

Table 29. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietai-y study No. 194- 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



Cost. 



ANIM.\L FOOD. 

Beef: Shank, fore, 1 pound, 8 cents (23) ; steak, 
round, 7.75 pounds, 79eents (29). Veal: Chops,0.8o 
pound, 15 cents (54). Mutton: Side, 4.38 pounds, 
56 cents (52) 

Pork: Fresh (as ham), 5 pounds, 33 cents (71); 
chops, 0.40 pound, 5 cents (60) 

Fish: Smelts, fresh, 1.50 pounds, 12 cents (110) 

Eggs, 6.80 pounds, 77 cents (114) 

Butter, 1.25 pounds, 29 cents (118) 

Milk, 37.20 pounds, 84 cents (124) 



Total animal food . 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Barley, pearled, 0..50 pound, 2 cents (126); 
bread, 17.31 pounds, 51 cents (134); buns, 15.50 
pounds, 75 cents (140) ; buns, hot cross, 4.32 pounds, 
25 cents (141); cake, coffee, 1 pound, 10 cents 
(143); cake, mixed, 2.20 pounds, 10 cents (142); 
cake, fruit, 1..50 pounds, 15 cents (145) 

Sugar, 11 pounds, 52 cents ( 169) 

Vegetables: Cabbage, 4.31 pounds, 15 cents (180^; 
carrots, 0.75 pound, 2 cents (182); cucumber 
pickles, 1 pound, 5 cents (202); greens, soup, 0.44 
pound, 6 cents (189); onions, 1 pound, 3 cents, 
(195); potatoes, 23.25 pounds, 21 cents (204); tur- 
nips, 1.61 pounds, 3 cents (218); sauerkraut, 3 
pounds, 8 cents (212) 

Fruits: Apples, 1.75 pounds, 5 cents (221) 



Total vegetable food. 
Total food 



Cents. 



.8 
.3 

1.6 
.6 

1.8 



Protein. Fat. Carbohy- ^Fuel 



4.0 
1.1 



1.3 
.1 



Grams 



54 



Grams. 



Grams. 



223 
106 



Calories. 



321 

172 

4 

102 

93 

253 



1,2:31 
435 



235 
9 



1,910 

2, 855 



49 

The family here studied represents a type of those who need to live 
as economically as possible. The cost of the food, 15 cents per man 
per day, was reasonable, but the amounts of protein and energy were 
small and might have been increased with probable advantage. Had 
they been increased onc-tifth by increasing the amounts of food mate- 
rials purchased, but keeping the kinds and proportions the same, the 
cost of the daily ration would have been about 18 cents. The nutritive 
value of the ration could have been increased without raising the cost 
by substituting more economical materials for some of those pur- 
chased. One of the most expensive items of food used was veal chops 
at 18 cents a pound. The most economical foods were as usual the 
cereals, although here there was consideral)le difference in the relative 
economy, the buns and cakes being much more costly sources of nutri- 
ment than the bread. A considerable variety of fresh vegetal )les was 
also used. If two-thirds the cost of these fresh vegetal)les had been 
expended for dried beans or peas, if the money expended for buns and 
cakes had been used to purchase bread at the price paid, and if the 
veal chops and nuitton side had been omitted from the diet and the 
money spent for them had l)een expended for round steak at the prices 
paid, the quantity of protein and energ}^ per man per day woidd have 
been increased 39 grams and 575 calories, respectively, without in- 
creasing the cost. If at the same time the woman had been able to 
do her marketing as skillfully as the woman in dietar}" studies Nos. 
31, 155, and 180, still more nutriment would have })een ol)tained for 
the same money. The changes suggested, it is believed, need not 
have made the diet less palatalile or attractive. Had a still greater 
reduction in cost seemed necessar}' it might have l)een accomplished 
by diminishing still further the quantity of meat and increasing the 
amount of cereal foods correspondingly. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A STABLEMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 195). 

This study was with a family consisting of the father, -l-l years of 
age, the mother, 39 years of age; four daughters, aged respectively 
21, 17, 11, and 9 years; and three sons, aged respectively 15, 13, and 4 
years. The weights of the members of the family were 170, 135, 145, 
155, 75, 60, 120, 100, and 25 pounds, respectiveh\ The father earned 
$7.50 a week truck driving, but spent a good deal of it for drink. 
The older daughter earned $7 a week in a box factory, of which she 
paid $4 to her mother; the second daughter was idle at the time of the 
study. The oldest l)oy was a plumber's apprentice, and from his 
wages paid his mother $4 a week for board. Food was bought by the 
day on one week's credit at the smaller markets. The members of the 
family were in good health. 

27147— No. 116—02 4 



50 



The study began April 16, 1897, and continued ten da3^'^. The num- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

I\ian 30 

Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man) , equivalent to 48 

Girl, 17 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Boy, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Two children, boy 13 and girl 11 years old (60 meals X 0.6 meal of 

man), equivalent to 36 

(iirl, 9 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Boy, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man) , equivalent to 12 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 186 

Equivalent to one man sixty-two days. 

Table 30. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 195. 



Kinds, amount.*, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Round, 1 pound, 11 cents (29): shank, fore, 
3 pounds, 15 cents (2.3); shank, huid, 5 pounds, 
30 cents (24); steak, round, 5..50 pounds, 52 cents, 
(29); corned, rib, 12.19 pounds, $1.05 (8); roast, 
round 6 81 pounds 73 cents (22) 


Cents. 

4.6 

1.7 
.2 
.9 
.6 
.9 


Grams. 

43 

11 

1 
6 


Grams. 

63 
25 


Grams. 


Calories. 
763 


Pork: Bacon, O.-'iO pound, 5 cents (69): ham, 5.25 
pounds, 75 cents (65); ribs, sparerib, 3.50 pounds, 
25 cents (81) . . 




278 


Fi>*h- Cod fresh 1 50 pounds 10 cents (87) 




4 




5 




71 


Butter 1 38 pounds 38 cents (118) 




9 




84 


Milk '^0 12 pounds .58 cents (124 i 


5 


7 


105 










8.9 


66 108 


7 


1,305 






VE(iKTABI.K KOOI). 

Cereals: Rice, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (i;W): bread, 19.45 
pounds, 81 cents (134): crackers, soda, 3.3t) pounds, 
14 cents (1.56); rolls, 1.25 pounds, 9 cents (164) 


1.7 
.6 


17 


4 


102 
53 

36 


525 
217 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 4.26 pounds, 5 cents (180); 
onions, 1 pound, 1 cent (195): potatoes, 21.19 
pounds, 34 cents (204); tomatoes, 8 pounds, 20 
cents, (215): turnips, 4.25 pounds, 5 c^nts (218) 


1.1 


5 


1 


178 




3.4 22 5 


191 


920 








Total food 


12.3 1 88 1 113 


198 


2,225 













As in the preceding study, the quantities of protein and energy were 
less than are usually regarded as desirable for persons with moderate 
w^ork; the cost also was quite small. However, the total cost of food 
during the study was $7.60, or 10 cents more than the total income 
which the mother had for running expenses. As already indicated, 
the father drank so that the family received but a portion of his very 
limited wages, and food was purchased on one week's credit. The 
prices of the food materials were on the whole larger than were paid 
for similar materials by some of the other families studied who lived 
in the same region. The quantity of meats consumed was largely in 
excess of that used by many families in similar or even better circum- 
stances. The money would have l)een more economically expended had 
one-half of that spent for meat been used to purchase cereals, and had 
the sum expended for the fresh vegetables been diminished one-half. 
With these changes the protein and energy per man per da}^ would 



51 

have been increased by about 10 grams and 625 calories, respectivel\% 
If the diet had then been increased by about one-fourth, it is probable 
that the family would have been better nourished, although so far as 
could be seen their health at the time of the study was good. Of 
course, it must be borne in mind that the food consumption during so 
short a period does not necessarily give a fair indication of the normal 
food consumption of the family. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A TRUCKMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 196). 

This study was carried on in a family consisting of the father, 52 
years old; his wife, 46 years old; and two children, a boy of 15 and 
girl of 8 3'ears, all Americans. Their weights were 125, 120, 75, and 
50 pounds, respectively. The father, a truckman, had been in poor 
health and out of work for some time. The woman earned a little by 
washing, scrubbing, etc. The}' occupied two rooms, for which they 
paid $7.50 a month rent. The family appeared poorly nourished. 
Food was bought in small quantities for cash and there was no visible 
waste. 

The study began April 28, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Man 30 

Woman (26 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Boy, 15 years (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Girl, 8 years old (29 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 14 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 89 

Equivalent to one man thirty days. 

Table 31. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 196. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Tripe,1.69pounds, 12cents(38). Mutton: Leg, 
2.69 pounds, 34 cents (47) 


Crnls. 

1.5 

.8 
.7 
1.0 
.8 
.1 
.7 


Grams. 

11 
4 
2 

7 


Grams. 

7 
8 
1 
5 
14 
1 
4 


Grams. 


Calories. 
110 


Pork: Loin, fresh, 2.13 pounds, 23 cents (61) 




91 


Fi.sh: Halibut, fresh, 1 pound, 22 cents (94) 




18 


Eggs, 3.50 pounds, 30 cents (114) 






Butter, 1.06 pounds, 24 cents (118) 




131 


Milk, 1.31 pounds, 3 cents (124) 


1 
4 


1 
24 


18 


Milk, condensed, 3 pounds, 21 cents (126) 


152 








5.6 


29 


40 


25 


595 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, 0.50 pound, 3 cents (131); rice, 0.2-5 
pound, 2 cents (130); bread, 5.82 pounds, 19 cents 
(134); crackers, fancy, 5 pounds, 50 cents (155); 
rolls, coffee, 2.25 pounds,8 cents (143); rolls, sweet, 
3 pounds, 22 cents (144) 


3.5 
1.6 

.9 
3 


21 


17 


150 
133 

29 
9 


859 


Sugar, 8.76 pounds, 47 cents (169) 


545 


Vegetables: Beans, dried, 1.75 pounds, 10 cents (175) ; 
onions, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (195); peas, canned, 1 
pound, 8 cents (199); potatoes, 4.11 pounds, 5 cents 
(204); turnips, 1 pound. Scents (218) 


8 


1 


160 


Fruits: Raspberry jelly, 1 pound, 10 cents (231) 


:?fi 










Total vegetable food 


6.3 


29 j 18 


321 j 1 600 






Total food 


11.9 


.58 1 58 


346 '> l«5 













52 

This study is remarkable for the small amounts of protein and energy 
which, according to the statistics, were consumed per man per day. 
The protein was about half and the energy two-thirds the normal 
amount for a man at moderate work. The cost, 12 cents per man per 
day, would have been v^ery moderate had the diet been sufficient, but 
to bring the diet up to the standard by use of the same materials in 
the same proportions would require an expenditure of from 18 to ^i 
cents. The food purchases of this famih", as a rule, were not marked 
by wise economy. The meats purchased were the higher priced cuts 
and the prices per pound were considerably in excess of those paid by 
some other families for similar cuts. Another evidence of the inju- 
dicious selection of food when the income was so limited was the pur- 
chase of fanc}'^ crackers at 10 cents a pound and sweet rolls at 7.3 
cents a pound instead of bread which might have been purchased at 4 
cents, or stale bread at 2 cents a pound. The selection of vegetables 
also was not such as would give the largest amount of nutriment for 
the expenditure. Dried beans furnished the most nutriment for the 
money expended. 

Had the famil}^ purchased less expensive cuts of meat, spent less for 
crackers, rolls, canned and green vegetables, and more for flour, rice, 
bread, dried beans, and potatoes, the quantities of protein and energy 
in the diet might have been increased without increasing the cost. If 
the same kinds of food as used had been increased in amount by about 
one-third to one-half, the famih' would dou})tlcss have been better 
nourished and the cost would have been but 16 to 18 cents per man 
per day. All the family seemed poorly nourished and were rather 
sickly in appearance, hence an^^thing which would increase tiie quan- 
tity of nutriment, even if it detracted to some extent from the variety 
of the diet, would have been advantageous. If, in addition to the 
changes alread}- suggested, less had been expended for animal foods 
and more for cereals the diet would have been rendered still more 
nutritious although it might not have l)cen quite as appetizing. Of 
course in cases like this it must V)e borne in mind that where the mother 
works out herself she has not the time and opportunity for the small 
domestic economies possible for a woman who remains at home. Meats, 
fancy breads and pastries, and a variety of vegetables are easil}- pre- 
pared in such a waj' as to be appetizing and palatable, while it requires 
some skill and thought to prepare the more common cereals so that 
they will be as attractive and appetizing. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A HUCKSTER'S FAMILY (NO. 197). 

The family here studied consisted of the father, a native of Scot- 
land, 50 years old; the mother, a native of Ireland, 35 j^ears old, and 
six children, born in America — a girl 14, a boy 12, a boy 10, a girl 8, 
and a bo}' 2 j^ears old, and an infant 3 months old. The weights of 



53 

the memliers of the family were 185, UO, Y5, 65, 60, 50, 25, and 15 
pounds, respectively. The father, a huckster, sold wild flowers and 
shrubs, making about $4.50 a week. Neither the mother nor the chil- 
dren were able to add anythino- to th(^ family income. The family 
occupied two rooms, for which the}^ paid $6.50 rent per month. 

The study began April 28, 1897, and continued ten days. The mun- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Man 30 

Woman ( 30 meals X 0. 8 meal of man ) , equivalent to 24 

Girl, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Two boys, 12 and 10 years old (60 meals X O.G meal of man), equiv- 
alent to 36 

Girl, 8 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Boy, 2 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Infant, equivalent to 9 

Total nuud)er of meals taken e(juivalent to 147 

Equivalent to one man forty-nine days. 

Table 32. — Weiglittt and rod of food and niitrientx in dietary Mndi/ Xo. 197. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



ANIMAL K001>. 

Beef: Liver, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (19); drippings, 
0.25 pound, 1 cent (13): corned beef, 2 pounds, 25 
cents (3). Veal: Head-cheese, 1.50 pounds, 10 
cents (67). Mutton: Chops, 2.75 pounds, 36 cents 
(45)... 

Pork: Bacon, 4 pounds, 48 cents (59); lard, 1 pound, 
6 cents (69) 

Fish: Cod, fresh, 4 pounds, 24 cents (87); halibut, 
8.06 pounds, 18 cents (93); chowder, clam, 6 
pounds, 20 cents (86); mussels, pickled, 3 pounds, 
15 cents (100) 

Eggs, -1.84 pounds, 50 cents (114) 

Butter, 1 pound, 29 cents (118) 

Cheese, 0.50 pound, 6 cents (120) 

Milk, 12.50 pounds, 33 cents (124) 

Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 1.50 pounds, 3 cents, (151); oat- 
meal, 2 pounds, 11 cents (128); rice, 1 pound, 6 
cents (130); bread, 28.46 pounds, 11.02 (134); flour, 

. prepared, 3 pounds, 12 cents (133); crullers, 7 
pounds, 22 cents (157); macaroni, 1 pound. Scents 
(158) 

Sugar. 5.37 pounds, 27 cents ( 169 ) 

Vegetables: Greens, 4.13 pounds, 15 cents (190); let- 
tuce, 1 pound, 10 cents (194); onions, 1.25 pounds, 
5 cents (195); peas, split, 1.50 pounds, 9cents (200); 
potatoes, 12.76 pounds, 17 cents (204); potatoes, 1 
pound, 1 cent (205); scullions, 1 pound, 10 cents 
(213); tomatoes, canned, 2 pounds, 7 cents (216) .. 

Total vegetable food 

Total food 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



1.6 

1.0 

.6 

.1 



38 



Carbohy 
drates. 



231 
50 



328 



Fuel 
value. 



Otlories. 



240 
310 



885 



1, 279 
205 



186 



1.670 



2,555 



54 

This family might be classed among- the very poor, the income being 
but 75 cents a day. The quantity of nutrients per man per day in the 
food which they consumed was scarcel}^ what would be required, accord- 
ing to the usual standard, by a man at light work, and probably was not 
sufficient for the needs of the family, for although they appeared to 
be in good health they were not robust. Had the diet been increased 
about one-third it would doubtless have more nearly suited the require- 
ments of the people nourished; the cost would then have been a trifle 
over 18 cents per man per da}'. The corned beef used was expensive 
for a family in such circumstances. Equally nutritious meat of similar 
character could have been purchased at half the price, as was evident 
from purchases made b}' other families studied who lived in the same 
region. The mutton was also perhaps more expensive than the famil}' 
could afl'ord. The 35 cents spent for clam chowder and pickled mus- 
sels would have furnished nuich more nutriment had it been expended 
for some of the cheaper cuts of beef. It is also doubtful if the use of 
so many eggs (3i dozen at 16 cents a dozen) was warranted, although 
the}' furnished as cheap a source of nutriment as some of the meats 
used. A considerable variety of cereal products was used, the most 
expensive being the crullers at 7 cents a pound. The variety of green 
vegetables was, in this study as in the majority of those here reported, 
larger than the resources of the family would seem to warrant. Much 
the same suggestions for improvement as in the previous study could 
be made. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 198). 

The Polish longshoreman's family here studied consisted of the 
father, SG 3'ears old; the mother, 28 years old; and three children — a 
girl of 9, a bo}^ of 5 j^ears, and an infant 4 months old. The weights 
of the members of the family were 215, 165, 75, and 50 pounds, 
respectively, the weight of the infant not being stated. The father 
earned $9 a week, and they paid !^10 per month rent for three rooms, 
two of which were light. Provisions were bought in small quantities 
for cash. The family appeared well nourished. 

The stud}^ began May 8, 1897, and continued ten days. The number 
of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Man 30 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Girl, 9 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 

Boy, 5 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Infant, equivalent to 9 

Total number of meals equivalent to 90 

Equivalent to one man thirty days. 



55 



Table 33. — ]Vel(jh(s and cost of food and nHtrientx hi. dietarii study Ao. 19S. 



Kinds, amoiiutM, iiiui cost of food for ten days. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, sirloin, 4.50 pounds, 54 cents (33); chuck, 
4.8 pound.s, 47 cents (27); round, 2 pounds, 30 cents 
(29); .soup piece, 2 pounds, 16 cents (23);' corned, 
3.50 pounds, 35 cents (3). Veal: Loin, 5 pounds, 
42 cents (57) 

Pork: Chops, 3.13 pounds, 'Si cents (til); trimmings, 
12 pounds, $1.20 (82); bacon, 1 pound, 12 cents, 
(59); ham, smoked, 4.2(i ])Ounds, 48 cents ((iO) 

Fish: White, l.fid ]i()\nids, iscents(113) 

Eggs, 3.44 piiunils, 2.1 cents (117) 

Butter, 4 pounds, .so ceuls ( 118) , 

Cheese, 2 pounds, 24 cents (120) 

Cream, 0.44 pound, 4 cents (123a) 

Milk, 50.92 pounds, $1.03 (124) , 

Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125) 

Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Barley, 2 pounds, 10 cents (126); flour, 3..50 
pounds, 10 cents (131); rice, 1 pound, 6 cents (130); 
bread, 42.32 pounds, $1.78 (134); cake, 8..50 pounds, 
95 cents (142) 

Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, 12.87 pounds, 59 cents 
(169) ; olive oil, 0.44 pound, 4 cents (173) 

Vegetables: Cabbage, 7 pounds, 22 cents (180); horse- 
radish, 0.50 pound, 7 cents (191); onions, 3.50 
pounds, 15 cents (195); potatoes, 24.71 pounds, 37 
cents (204) 

Fruits: Prunes, 4 pounds, 50 cents (237); raisins, 2 
pounds, 20 cents (238); jelly, 0.50 pound, 3 cents 
(231) 

Total vegetable food 

Total food 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Cost. 



Protein. 



7.5 



7.1 

.0 

.8 

2.7 

.8 



10.0 

2.1 



2.7 
2.4 



123 



160 
1 
5 
.52 
10 
1 
31 
1 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 



Ordiiis. Calork'f 



l,f)94 

17 

71 

4S7 

130 

9 

555 

46 



305 



496 
195 



3,535 



2, 545 

856 



374 

305 



40.5 



The results of this dietary study are amono- the most interesting- of 
those here reported. The protein in the ration was nearly double 
and the energy more than double that of the commoniy accepted 
dietary standard for men at moderate muscular work. It must be 
borne in mind, however, that the man and the woman were large per- 
sons and that the man was engaged at quite active work. Food was 
purchased not only in large quantity, Imtalso in considera))le variety, 
so that the cost per man per day was unusually high. If it had been 
desired, the cost could have l)een reduced in the same way as has been 
indicated in the discussion of previous studies. The family consumed 
a large amount of pork trimmings during the study, an average of 1.2 
pounds a da3^ and an unusually large quantity of bread, averaging 4i 
pounds a day. One-third the protein and one-third the energy of the 
diet were obtained from these two tirticles, at a cost of about one- 
fourth of the total. Even making allowance for the activity and 
size of the members of the family, it would seem that the diet was 
larger than was called for, and that a material reduction might have 
been made. It is difficult to understand how this food consumption, 
costing $8.50 per week, could have been maintained for any length of 



56 

time on the income of the father, which was but $9 a week. It has 
been observed that among the families studied, and especially those of 
foreign birth, thjre was at times during dietary studies a tendency to 
change somewhat the ordinary mode of living. This change is some- 
times one of increased and sometimes one of decreased food consump- 
tion. In the present case it seems hardly probable that the study 
represents the average normal food consumjition of this family. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER'S FAMILY (NO. 199). 



This study was made in a German family comprising the father, 
48 years old, weighing 100 pounds; the mother, 4S years old, 
weighing 150 pounds; their daughter, 10 years old, weighing 75 
pounds, and a boy boarder, 5 years old, weighing -10 pounds. All 
were in good health. The father, a carpenter, had steady work, but 
iit rather low wages, earning $1> per week. The mother earned $1.50 
pel- week washing. The young boy who lived in the family l)rought 
in $1.25 a week for board. During half of the study he was away 
visiting his father. The family occupied three rooms, paying $11 a 
month rent. Provisions were bought daily for cash at the small 
markets. The food was prepared in the manner to which they Avere 
accustomed in Germany. 

The study began May 11, 1897, and continued ten days. The number 
of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Man : 21 

Woman (30 ineals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Girl, 10 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 

Boy, 5 years old (12 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 5 



Total number of meals taken equivalent to. 
Equivalent to one man twenty-three days. 



68 



Table 34. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 199. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Chopped, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (29): shank 
pieces, 3.13 pounds, 25 cents (23); bologna, 1 
pound, 10 cents (1); tripe, 2 pounds, 12 cents (38); 
liver, 1.50 pounds, 12 cents (19) 


Cents. 

2.9 

3.0 
.6 

1.1 
.3 
.4 


Grams. 

25 

14 
3 

7 


Grams. 

12 
52 


Grams. 
1 


Calories. 
220 


Pork: Shoulder, 3.50 pounds, 35 cents (77); salt, 1.14 
pounds, 8 cents (73) ; shoulder, smoked, 1.50 pounds, 
15 cents (79); lard, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (69) 


550 


Fish: Flounders, 3 pounds, 15 cents (92) 




10 


Eggs, 3.19 pounds, 27 cents (117) 


6 
4 
7 
8 
3 




85 


Butter, 0.25 pound, 7 cents (118) 




35 


("heese, 1 pound, 10 cents (120) 


5 




85 


Milk, 10.32 pounds, 25 cents (124) 


1.0 1 7 
.6 1 3 


10 
19 


135 


Milk, condensed, 1.75 pounds, 14 cents (125) 


120 






Total animal food 


9.9 64 


92 


30 


1,240 











57 



Table 34. — Wei</]ttf< and cost of food and rndrients in dietary .'.tudy No. 199 — Continued. 



Kinds, amounts, iiiid cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value o*' food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protien. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Oatmeal, 2 pounds, 10 cents (129): rice, 0.50 
pound, 4 cents (130): flour, 2.8() prounds, 15 cents 
(131); bread, 5.94 pounds, 17 cents (134): cake, 
coffee. 2 pounds, 10 cents (143): cracker du.st, 0.50 
pound, 5 cents (154); rolls, wheat, l.:}7 pounds, 8 
cents (164); pie, apple, 0.50 pound, 5 cents (UiO); 


Cents. 

3.6 

.4 

2.0 


Grams. 
32 


Ch-ams. 
12 


Grams. 

196 
33 

70 


Calories. 
1,045 




135 


VcKctabli's: Cucuinl)ers, 1 pound, 9 cents (187); 
greens, O.iit) pound, 2 cents (188); onions, 1 pound, 
5 cents (195); potatoes, 17. .50 pounds, 19 cents (204) ; 
tomatoes, canned, 2 pound.s, 8 cents (216); turnips, 
1.19 pounds, 2 cents (219) 


9 




325 








Total vegetable food . . 


6.0 


41 


12 


299 


1,505 






Total food 


15.9 1 105 


104 329 


2, 745 















The quantity of protein in the food consumed per man per day by 
this family was not far from the average found in the studies of farm- 
ers and mechanics in comfort;i])le circumstances in different parts of 
the country. The amount of energy, however, was small. If the diet 
had been increased to some extent by the use of more oatmeal, rice, 
flour, and bread, and if some of the money expended for green vegeta- 
bles and canned tomatoes had been used to l)uy more cereal foods, the 
diet could have been increased easily as regards both protein and energy 
with l>ut little, if any, increase in the cost per man per day. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A PAINTER'S FAMILY (NO. 200). 

This family consisted of the father, 23 years old; the mother, 20 
years old; an infant, .5 months old, and 2 male relatives (boarders), one 
28 and the other 23 years of age. The weights of the adult members 
of the family were 135, 80, 135, and I-IO pounds, respectively. The 
father earned $7 a week painting chairs in a factory. The two board- 
ers together paid $B a week for Ijoard; one of them was idle during 
the time of the study. The family is representative of a class known 
locally as " furnished roomers." They paid $2.25 per week for a sin- 
gle room 12 bj' 6 feet, with a bed, stove, table, and two chairs. There 
was no waste, all crumbs even being used up. Employment was 
unsteady, and the family were alwaj^s in del)t. 

The study began May 22, 1897, and continued ten days. The number 
of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Three men 89 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man) , equivalent to 24 

Infant, equivalent to 9 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 122 

Equivalent to one man forty-one days. 



58 



Table 35. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 200. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food 
per day. 


per man 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, chuck, 2 pounds, 20 cents (27); frank- 
furters, 2 pounds, 20 cents (14); meat, 1.50 pounds, 
16 cents (20); .steak, round, 2 pounds, 23 cents (29); 
skirting, 3 pounds, 15 cents (36); stew piece, 0.75 
pound, 6 cents (24). Mutton, 0.75 pound, 6 


Cml». 

2.6 

1.1 

.1 

1.5 

.1 

.4 


Crranis. 

22 
7 
1 


Orams. 

21 

13 

1 

26 


Grams. 


Calories. 
285 






150 






13 






241 






1 
15 


4 




3 


2 


92 








5.8 


33 


63 


16 


785 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Bread. 20.50 pounds, 80 cents (134); bread, 
rve, 2 pounds, 10 cents (136); cake, coffee, 0.25 
pound, 2 cents (143); rolls, plain, 1.75 pounds, 10 
cents (164); rolls, sweet, 1 pound, 5 cents (144) 


2.6 

.7 

1.7 


26 


5 


152 
52 

65 


776 
214 


Vegetables; Corn, canned, ;> poinids, 20 cents (185); 
onions, 0.37 pound, 3 cents (195); potatoes, 28 
pounds, 28 cents (204); radishes, 1.61 pounds, 11 
cents (208); tomatoes, canned, 1 pound, 8 cents 
(216) 


8 


1 


310 








5.0 


34 


6 


269 


1,300 






Total food 


10.8 


67 


69 


285 


2,085 







The quantities of protein and energy consumed per man per day bj^ 
this family were but little more than half the amount ordinarily con- 
sidered necessary for men at moderate Avork, and undoubtedly more 
food than this would be required to maintain the family in good phys- 
ical condition. A certain grade of work might of course be done upon 
a small amount of protein and energy; but it has been observed that 
within certain limits the character of the work improves as the diet 
becomes more liberal. 

The family was very poor, always in debt, and the utmost economy 
in expenditure of all kinds was necessary. But while the cost of the 
food per man per day was small, the expenditures were not in all cases 
the wisest, for a more nutritious diet could have been purchased for 
the same amount of money. The relative economy of the materials 
purchased during this study is illustrated by the figures in the follow- 
ing table, showing the quantities of nutrients and energy in 10 cents' 
worth of each at the prices paid per pound. 



Table 86. 



59 

-Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein arid energy ohtaived 
for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. WO. 



Kind of food material. 



Beef: 

Chnok stenk 

Frankl'urtfrs 

Round steak 

Skirting 

Stew piece 

Mutton, .stew piece 

Pork, chops 

Butter 

Milk, condensed 

Bread: 

Wheat 

Rye 

Rolls 

Rolls, sweet 

Sugar 

Corn , canned 

Potatoes 

Green vegetables: Onions, rad 

ishes 

Tomatoes, canned 



Price per 
pound. 



Cents. 
10.0 
10.0 

11.0 

5.0 
8.0 
8.0 
9.4 
22.5 
6.8 

3.9 
5.0 
5.7 
5.0 
6.9 
6.7 
1.0 

7.0 

8.0 



In 1 pound. 



Protein. 



0.166 
.196 
.190 
.161 
.096 
.135 
.134 
.010 
.088 

.092 
.090 
.097 
.081 



Fuel 
value. 



Pound. Calories. 



. 028 
. 022 



735 
1,170 

895 
1,040 

405 
1,445 
1, 270 
3,605 
1,520 

1,215 
1,180 
1,470 
1,450 
1,860 
455 
385 



Amount bought for 10 cents. 



Total 
food. 



Pounds. 
1.00 
1.00 

.87 
2.00 
1.25 
1.25 
1.06 

.44 
1.47 

2.56 
2.00 
1.75 
2.00 
1.70 
1.50 
10.00 

1.43 
1.25 



Protein. 



Pound. 
0.17 
.20 
.17 
.32 
.12 
.17 
.14 



.13 

.23 
.18 
.17 
.16 



Fuel 
value. 



Calories. 

725 
1,165 

775 
2, 075 

505 
1,805 
1,355 
1,600 
2,235 

3,110 
2, 365 

2, 575 
2,905 
3,155 
680 
3, 875 

210 
130 



Total 
amount 

ex- 
pended 
during 

study. 



Cents. 



The most expensive materials purchased in any quantity were the 
butter, beefsteak, canned corn, and radishes. The variety and amount 
of animal food and of green veg'etables might have been reduced and 
the money thus saved used to purchase dried legumes, oatmeal, rice, 
flour, and bread. Apparently this would not have materially reduced 
the palatabilit}^ of the diet, yet the quantity of nutrients would have 
been increased without increasing the cost. 

Had the family spent their money for food as wisely as those 
described in dietary studies Nos. ITS and 185, they would not have 
been so poorly nourished. The use of stale bread instead of rolls, and 
of oatmeal and dried beans instead of canned corn, would have resulted 
in a considerable increase of nutriment, l)ut not of cost. 



DIETARY STUDY OF AN EXPRESSMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 201). 

This study was made in a family comprising the father, 30 years old, 
weighing 135 pounds; the mother, 25 years old, weighing 130 pounds; 
a girl, 11 years old, weighing 75 pounds; a girl, 9 years old, weighing 
60 pounds; a boy, T years old, weighing 55 pounds; a girl, 5 years old, 
weighing 38 pounds, and a boy 3 years and an infant 10 months old, 
whose W'eights were not stated. The father, an expressman, who owned 
his horse and wagon, earned on an average $10 a week, although his 
income was variable. The mother apparently understood nothing 
about the purchasing and preparation of food; the home was poorly 
managed, and the table unattractive. Each member of the family had 
a small insurance, which required about $1 a month to maintain. They 
occupied three rooms, for w hich they paid $12 per mouth rent. 



60 



The .study l)eg-an Ma_y 22, 1897, and continued ten days. The luunber 
of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Man 30 

Woman ( 30 meals X 0. 8 meal of man ) , equivalent to 24 

Girl, 11 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 

Girl 9 and boy 7 yeans old (60 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equiva- 
lent to 30 

Girl 5 and boy 3 years old (60 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equiva- 
lent to 24 

Infant, 10 months old, equivalent to 9 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 135 

Equivalent to one man forty-five days. 

Table-37. — -Weights and co.s-/ of food and natrie'nts in. dietary .study No. 201. 



Kind);, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, chni-k, 11 pounds, 11.11 (27); round, 
ehopped, 7.99 pounds, st coiils (29); sliiu, 2pounds, 
12 cents (23); corned, (i iiouiids. ;iri cents (3) 

Pork: Ivoin, fresh, 4.."i(t pounds, 41 cents (tls); bacon, 


Cents. 

5.4 

1.1 
.7 

1.5 
.2 
.9 

9.8 


Grams. 

45 

7 
3 

1 



Grams. 

37 

18 
3 

26 
1 
5 


Grams. 


Calories. 

529 
196 


Eggs 2 13 pounds 30i'ents(n4) . 




40 






242 


Milk, 3.7() pounds, 11 cents (121) 


2 
33 


22 




206 








62 


90 


35 


1,235 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Bread, 20.40 pound.s, SI (134); buns, 1.26 
pounds, 5 cents (140); cakes, 2 pounds, 20 cents 
(149); cakes, coffee, 1 pound, 10 cents (143); cakes, 
sweet, 2.50 pounds, 20 cents (142); crackers, 0.25 
pound, 2 cents (l.Vi); crullers, 7.75 pounds, 65 
cents (l,'i7); rolls, wMtcr, 1. 7r> pounds, 25 cents (166); 
pie, apple, 0..'j(l jxiund. .'i eeiils (160) 


5.6 
1.2 

.7 
.4 


33 


27 


222 
107 

19 
2 


1,297 




439 


Vegetables: Cjilibage, :> pnunds, .'> cents (bSO); onions, 
l!."iO ixmnds, .seents (19')); i>iiIiitoes, 7.62 pounds, 10 
cents (204): rhubarb, :! pounds, 5cents (210); .soup 
greens 1 jiound 2cents(18iS) 


3 



1 



100 


Fruits: Apples, 1 pound, 10 cents (221); strawberries. 


9 






Total vegetable food 


7.9 


36 


28 


350 


1,846 






Total food 


17.7 


98 


118 


385 


3,080 







As regards the amounts of nutrients eaten little need be said con- 
cerning the results of this study. The quantity of protein and energy 
was not greatl}' }>elow that found in the diet of working people in 
different parts of the United States and the cost was not large. By 
more judicious use of some materials at the prices paid and the sub- 
stitution of more economical materials for some of those used the 
quantity of nutrients might haye been sufficiently increased to meet 
all demands of the body without increasing the cost. Care and skill 
in the preparation of the food could have made this diet much more 
attractive. 



61 



DIETARY STUDY OF A WAITER'S FAMILY (NO. 204). 

This faniil}' coiiipriscd only tlie lnis})!iiul, 40 years old, and liis wife, 
35 years old, weii^hiiio- 175 and 125 pounds, respectively. The hus- 
band was a waiter in a restaurant, and earned $7 a week and })oard. 
Ho was at home for ))ut thr(»e meals during the time of the study. 
The couple occupied one furnished room, for which (hey paid $2.25 
per week rent. Provisions were ])ought daily at the small marki^ts. 
In the opinion of those making' the study the (-ouple belonged to the 
lowest typo found in the city among those who claim to have a homo. 

The study hegau flune 22, 181)7, and continued ten days. The number 
of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
IMan 8 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), e(|uivalent to 24 

Total nnml)er of meals taken equivalent to 27 

Equivalent to one man nine days. 

Tablk 38. — TI'''/V//(/.s- and cost of food and, nvtrifidx in. dletani slitd)/ JVo. 204- 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 



Beef: Beef, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (20): steak, sirloin, 
Q.hQ pound, t) cents (;?3). Mutton, 0.7.5 pound, 7 
cents (Vih) 

Pork: Chops, 2.37 pounds, 30 cents (61); sparerite, 3 
pounds, 18 cents (61); bacon, 0..50 pound, 6 cents 



(.59) . 



Eggs, 1.02 pounds, 10 cents (115) 
Butter, 0.43 pound, 9 cents (118) 
Milk, 7 pounds, 16 cents ( 124) . . . 



Total animal food . 



VEGETABLE F001>. 

Cereals: Flour, 1 pound, 5 cents (131); bread, Ipound, 
5 cents (134); bread, dry, 0.25 pound. 1 cent (134); 
bread, rye, 1.-50 pounds, 5 cents (i;^7i; biscuit, 0.2.5 
pound, 2 cents (139) 

Sugar, 2 pounds, 10 cents (169) 

Vegetables: Potatoes, 14.44 pounds, 31 cents (204); 
tomatoes, canned, 2 pounds, 10 cents (216) 

Total vegetable food 

Beverages: Beer, 13..50 pounds, 45 cents (243) 

Total food 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- ^F.^l_ 



Centx. 



6.0 
1.1 
1.0 

1.8 



2.0 
1.1 



4.6 



24.9 



Gi'ams. 
15 

38 
8 


12 



113 



GravDi 



i:59 



143 



Grain!<. 



Calories. 
247 



909 
79 
177 
18 263 



18 



115 
101 



3.54 



450 



1,665 



.581 
414 



645 



1,640 



335 



3,640 



The quantities of protein and energy in this study approached quite 
nearly to the standard for persons at moderate work. The co.st, 
however, 25 cents per man per day, might easily have been reduced 
by more careful selection of food, if such reduction had been desired. 
It should be mentioned, however, that the cost includes one item which 
doubtless should be included in man}' of the other studies, but for vari- 
ous reasons could not be ascertained, namely, the amount paid for 
beer. The family used, on an average, about a quart a day. 



62 



DIETARY STUDY OF A LANDLORD'S FAMILY (NO. 205). 

This family consisted of a man 55 years old, weighing 200 pounds, 
and his wife 50 years old, weighing 175 pounds. The couple lived 
very simply, occupying two rooms. They rented twenty-five rooms 
for which they paid $80 per month, and sublet the rooms for about 'f2 
or $3 each per week. Their income was probably not far from $200 
per month. They did all the Avork in the house themselves and were 
very thrifty, owning several pieces of property outside of the city. 
Provisions were bought for cash partly in quantity and partly by the 
day. 

The study began June 1, 1897, and continued ten da3's. The number 
of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Man 30 

Woman (30 meals X 0. 8 meal of man ) , equivalent to 24 

Visitor 2 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 56 

Equivalent to one man nineteen days. 

Table 39. — Weights and cost of food and nut runts in dietary study No. W5. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food 
per day. 


per man 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, 0.76 pound, 10 cents (33); round, 6 

pounds, 87 cents (29): sirloin. 1 pound, 16 cents (33). 

Pork: Ham. smoked, 4 pounds, 48 cents (66); head- 


Cents. 

6.9 

:^.l 

2.0 

1.9 

.5 

.3 

1.6 

.6 


Grams. 

34 

18 
14 
1 
6 
7 
16 
3 


Grnms. 

25 

40 
10 
35 

8 
10 
19 

3 


Grams. 


Calories. 
372 




446 


Eggs, 3.94 pounds, 38 cents (115) 




160 


Butter, 1.75 pounds, 36 cents (118) 




329 




i 


24 
19 


103 


Cheese, cottage, 1.50 pounds, 6 cents (122) 


121 


Milk, 19.69 pounds, 30 cents (124) 


341 


Milk, condensed, 1.50 pounds, 11 cents (125) 


118 








15.9 


99 


150 


44 


1,980 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Flour, 2 pounds, 10 cents (131); fiour, pre- 
pared, 1.60 pounds, 5 cents (133): bread, 8.13 
pounds, 42 cents (134); bread, rye, 1.50 pounds, 5 
cents (136); cake, 0.88 pound, 10 cents (149); rolls, 
water,;o 25 pound, 1 cent (166); rolls, Vienna, 0.75 
pound, 5 cents (165); pie, lemon, 0.50 pound, 10 
cents (162) . .... 


4.6 
1.7 

3.3 
.6 


34 


7 


216 
161 

67 

2 


1,086 


Sugars, starches, etc. : Cornstarch, 0.56 pound, 5 cents 
(172): sugar, 6.25 pounds, 27 cents (169) 


660 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 1 pound, 3 cents (180); cucum- 
bers, 0.50 pound, 2 cents (187); onions, 2.50 pounds, 
9 cents (195); potatoes, 10.10 pounds, 29 cents (204); 
radishes, 0.50 pound, 1 cent (209); tomatoes, 1 
pound, 5 cents (215); tomatoes, canned, 4 pounds, 
13 cents (216) ; pickles, cucumber, 0.25 pound, 1 cent 
(202) 


8 



1 



276 


Fruits: Lemons, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (233) ; strawber- 
ries, 1.19 pounds, 9 cents (239) 


8 








Total vegetable food 


10.2 


42 1 8 


435 


2,030 






Total food 


26.1 


141 158 


479 


4,010 











63 

The daily food consumption per niaii per da}' in this .study was con- 
siderably in excess of the ordinary standard for a man at moderate 
muscular work. The weights of both man and woman were, however, 
above the average, and it is very likel}' that they required more than the 
average quantities of nutrients, judging by what has been found with 
other families in good health who performed similar amounts of work. 
It seems proba))le that the dietary could have been reduced about one- 
eighth and still have been sufficient for the needs of the consumers. 
Such suggestions for changes are l)ased on theoretical considerations. 
The fact is recognized that individuals vary considerably in their 
requirements. However, the changes suggested in this and other 
studies seem warranted on the basis of average results. It is interest- 
ing to note that, in spite of the fact that the couple were quite well-to- 
do, the amount paid for food, 2<3 cents per man per day, was not 
excessive. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A CARETAKER'S FAMILY (NO. 206). 

This family consisted of the mother, born in Ireland, and three 
children born in America; the mother was 30 years old, and weighed 
131> pounds; one daughter ll> years old weighed 110 pounds, and the 
other, 17 years old, weighed 100 pounds; the weight of the •J-j'ear-old 
son was not reported. The mother earned $1G a month cleaning offices. 
The elder daughter earned |7 a week as telephone operator, and the 
younger daughter earned |3 a week as })ook folder. The family paid 
$9 per month for the rent of three rooms. During three days of the 
study they' had a poor woman helping about the house, who took her 
meals with them. Provisions were bought by the day for cash at the 
small markets. 

The study began June l,">, 1S1»T, and continued ten days. The num- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Three women (63 ineals X 0.8 meal of man) , equivalent to 51 

Girl, 17 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Boy, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Visitor 1 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 85 

Equivalent to one man twenty-eight days. 



64 

Table 40. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 206. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, round, 3.25 pounds, 48 cents (29); sir- 
loin, 1 pound, 15 cents (33); cottolene, 0.7.5 pound, 
8 cents (12) 


Cents, 
■l.b 

3.7 


Grams. 
13 


Grams. 
21 

62 

2 

28 
15 


1 


Grain.^. 


Calories. 
•49 


Pork: Sparerib, neck, 2.25 pounds, 8 cents (80); 
spareribs, 6.62 pounds, 47 cent.s (81) ; ham. boiled, 
0.50 pound, 10 cents (64); ham, smoked, 3 pounds, 
35cents(66); frankfurters, 0.25 pound, 4cents (14).. 




716 


Fish: Cod, fresh, 0.75 pound, 7 cents (87) 


.3 1 

.4 2 

1.6 

9 3 1 19 




4 


I*"SKs, 0.87 pound, 10 cents (115) 




27 


Butter, 2 pounds, 44 cents (llS) 




260 


Milk, 22.78 pounds, (13 cents (124) 


18 

9 

9 


963 


Buttermilk, 2.50 pounds, 4 cents (119) 


.1 

.2 


1 
2 


19 


Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125) 


54 








11 1 


e^ 


129 


29 


1 585 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Bread, 14.75 pounds, 75 cents (134); cakes, 
coffee, 1 pound, 10 cents (143); cakes, sweet, 0.50 
pound, 5 cents (149); crackers, soda, 0..50 pound, 4 
cents (1 .56) : wheat, rolls, 4.50 pounds, 5 cents (167) . 

Sugars, starches: Cocoa, 0.50 pound, 22 cents (171); 
sugar, S..50 pounds, 40 cents ( 169) 


3.5 
2.2 

2. 7 
2.5 


31 
2 

8 
1 


6 
2 

1 
1 


192 
141 

50 
24 


971 
605 


Vegetables: Cabbage, 6.25 pounds, 15 cents (180); 
cauliflower, 2.94 pounds, 10 cents (183); cucum- 
bers, 1 pound, 3 cents (186); onions, 2 pounds, 5 
cent>s (195); peas, green, 0.75 pound. 5 cents (201); 
potatoes, 12.82 pounds, 38 cents (204) 


247 


Fruits: Apricots, fresh, 0..50 poiuid, 4 cents (224); 
cherries, 0.50 pound, 4 cent.s (227); gooseberries. 1..50 
pounds, 8 cents (229); lemons, 0.75 i)ound, 5 cents 
(233); peaches, preserved, 1 i»>und. 10 cents (235); 
raspberries, jam, 1.50 povnids, Kiccnts (240): straw- 
berries, 2 pounds, 20 cents (2:'.'.h: watcniiclons. 0..50 
pound, 3 cents (241) 


112 






Total vegetable food 


10.9 


42 


10 


407 


1,935 






Total food 


22 1 107 


139 


436 


3 520 











The quantities of protein and energy per man per day in this study 
are about equal to those found on the average in the dietary of farm- 
ers, mechanics, and other woi-king people in comfortable circumstances 
in various parts of the country". The cost, 22 cents per man per day, 
was not excessive for the kinds and amounts of food purchased. If 
the family had so desired, the ex[)enst could have been reduced to some 
extent b}' a diti'erent selection of food materials. 



DIETARY STUDY OF A SAILOR'S FAMILY (NO. 209). 

This study was made in a family comprising the father, 50 years 
old; the mother, 39 years old; three bovs, one 17, one 5, and one 3 
3'ears of age, and two girls, one 15 and the other 10 years of age. 
The weights of the members of the family were 150, 200, 100, 35, 25, 
88, and 50 pounds, respectivel}^ All were in good health. The father 
worked on a tug boat, earning $30 a month. The oldest son was a 
porter and paid $4.50 a week to his mother for board. The family 



65 

occupied three rooms, for whii-h they paid $11.50 per month rent. 
Provisions were purchased daily at the small markets for cash. 

The study began June 15, 1897, and continued ten daA's. The num- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Man 23 

Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Boy, 17 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 

Girl, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Girl, 10 years old (23 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 14 

Boy, 5 years old (23 meals X 0.4 meal of man), eijuivalent to 9 

Boy, 3 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Total number of meals taken e(juivaleiit to 127 

E(juivalent to one man forty-two days. 

Table 41. — ■Wciylit^ laul c.M of food (ind nulrienU in (lu'tunj stmh/ Xo. JOO. 



Kiuds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. 


Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. ' Fat. 


Carbohy-' Fuel 
drates. value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, skirt, 3.50 pounds, 24 cents (o'.'); shin, 
2 pounds, 10 cents (23): shank, 4.50 pounds, 25 
cents (24). Mutton, 9.75 pounds, fl (52) 

Pork: Chops, 5 pounds, 50 cents (61); spareribs, 3 
pounds, 32 cents (01) 

Eggs, 3.70 pounds, 38 cents (115) 


CmU. 

3.8 

2.0 
.9 

.7 

.9 
^ 2 


Grain!<. 

32 

12 
6 


1 
6 

1 


42 


Grama. 


Calorics. 


21 

4 

14 




244 




62 


Butter, 1.50 pounds, 30 cents (118) 




130 






23 


Milk 16.34 ppunds, 39 cents ( 124) 




9 


126 


Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125) 


1 6 


38 






Total animal food .... . 


8.7 


58 


91 ' 15 1 145 






VEGETABLE F')OD. 

Cereals: Barley. 0.44 pound, 2 cents (126); flour, 2.3S 
pounds, 7 cents (131): bread, 3.50 pounds, 22 cents 
(134): bread, stale. 11.25 pounds, 28 cents (138); 
crullers, 5 pounds, 35 cents (15;); cakes, 3 pounds, 
25 cents (149): doughnuts, 1..50 pounds, 10 cents 
(157): rolls, water, 2 pounds, 10 '^ent.s (166); pie, 
apple, 0.39 pound, 5 cents (160) 


3.4 

.6 

1.8 


29 
1 


21 


179 
62 

47 


1.049 


Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 3.50 pounds, 8 cents 
(170)- sugar, 3.25 pounds, 16 cents (169) 


2.59 


Vegetables: Beans, 2 pounds, 9 cents (176); corn, 
canned, 3 pounds, 12 cents (185); greens (soup), 2 
pounds, 7 cents (188); onions, 1.25 pounds, 5 cents 
(195); potatoes, 15.88 pounds, 22 cents (20-1); peas, 
green, 0.75 pound, 10 cents (201); tomatoes, 
canned, 4 pounds, 12 cents (216) 


1 










5.8 


37 


22 2S.S ' 1,.54U 






Total food 


14.5 


95 


113 mo 2,685 




' 1 



This family were apparentlv in good health and it may be that the 
food was sufficient. It is probable, however, that had there been a little 
more protein and considerable more energy the diet would have been 
more suited to their needs. With an increase of the same kinds of 
food materials the cost would necessarily have been greater, but had 

27147— No. 116—02 5 



66 

the increased expenditure been for flour, bread, dried legumes, etc., the 
cost of the diet would not have been proportionately increased. Thus, 
if they had purchased 2 pounds more of beans and 22i pounds of stale 
bread in addition to the other foods used, the diet would have fur- 
nished 122 grams of protein and 3,375 calories of energy per man per 
da}^, at a cost of 10 cents. Had the}' omitted the canned tomatoes, 
corn, soup greens, and green peas the expense would have been reduced 
1 cent per man per day, with a reduction of only 2 grams of protein 
and G-t calories of energy. The cost of the diet was very moderate 
and in this, as in other cases, the family were justitied in spending a 
sum reasonable in proportion to their income to render the diet 
attractive and p;Uatable. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A HOUSEKEEPER'S FAMILY (NO. 210). 

This family consisted of the mother, 54 years of age; two adult 
sons, one 31 and the other 27 years old; two daughters, one 18 and 
the other 15 years old; and three grandchildren, a girl of 9, a boy of 
6, and girl of -4 years. The mother. German born, acted as house- 
keeper or janitor for the building in which they lived, thus paying 
the rent of their flat, which was valued at $11.50 per month. The 
sons were ])oth at work, the 3'ounger earning $12 a week. The older 
son paid $3.50 a week for his board. The older of the two daughters 
earned $5 a week in a flower store, and the younger $2.50 a week 
book folding. Food was purchased daily for cash. The family were 
not in the best of health; none of the meuibers seemed strong. 

The study began June 20, 1897, and continued ten daj-s. The num- 
ber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Two men 51 

Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 48 

Girl, 15 years old (.30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Two children, jrirl and boy 6 years old (51 meals X 0.5 meal of 

man ) , equivalent to 26 

Child, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Total nundjer of meals taken eqtiivalent to 158 

Equivalent to one man fifty-three days. 



67 

Table 42. — Weii/hLs and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 210. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of fdod for ten days. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Steak, chuck, 5.50 pounds. 51 cents (27); bolo- 
Kna. 1 poinid, 5 eent.s (1). Mutton, 5..50 pounds, 
ti5 cents (.52) 

Pork: Head-cheese. 1 pound, 10 cents ((i?); loin, 7 
l)0unds, 70 cents (in ); bacon, 1 pound, 10 cents (.59) : 
ham, bulled, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (64) 

Fish: Clam chowder, 2 pounds, 10 cents (80); salm- 
on, 1 pound, 10 cents (104); weak (fresh), (> 
[jounds. 30 cents (112a); sturj^reon, 0.50 pound, 10 
cents ( 112) 

Butter, 1.75 pounds, 42 cents (US) 

Milk, 25.72 pounds, 00 cents (124) 



Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man 
per day. 



Cost. 



Ctnii. 
2. .3 
1.9 



1.1 
'i."9' 



Total animal food . 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Bread, 15.25 pounds, 03 cents (134): bread, 
rye, 3.50 pounds, 15 cents (136); cake, 3 pounds, 30 
cents (149); doughnuts, 1 pound. 5 cents (157); 
rolls, 1..50 pounds, 10 cents (166) 

Sugar, 4 pounds, 21 cents ( 169) : . . 

Vegetables: Beans, 1 pound. 4 cents (176); greens, 
soup, 0.50 pound, 1 cent (188); onions, 0..50 pound, 
2 cents (]9.'>): potatoes, 13.60 pounds. 30 cents (204); 
sauerkraut, 4.. ^0 jiounds, 20 cents (212); tomatoes, 
cannt-d, 2 pounds, ,s cents (216) 

Fruits; Apple butter, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (223) 



Total vegetable food 
Total food 



Protein. 



Fat. 



1.2 
.1 



4.0 



Grams. Gmmn. 



Carbohy-, Fuel 
drates. i value. 



G-rams. 



13 ■ 

9 11 



113 
34 



Calorics. 
256 
273 



52 
121 

1.58 



860 



592 
139 



132 
12 



1,735 



This famih' wa.s certainly in.sufficiently nourished. Like the family in 
dietary study No. 15S and that in No. 200, the diet furni.shed only little 
over half the normal amount.s of protein and energy. It is not surpris- 
ing", in view of this fact, that the family did not appear strong and 
robust. While there were no particular extravagances in the diet; the 
food materials could have been selected much more wisely. The sugges- 
tions which have been given in connection with some of the preceding 
studies appl}^ equally well in this case. Under the conditions.it appears 
that choice must he made between variet}' of food and quantity of 
nutrients, as the sum available for food was not great enough to secure 
both. The mother had comparatively little time to devote to the prep- 
aration of the food and to marketing, which doubtless rendered it more 
difficult in this ca.se to secure the greatest possible returns for the 
money expended. 

The relative economy of the ditterent materials used is shown in the 
table following, giving the quantities of nutrients and energy in 10 
cents' worth of each at the prices paid per pound. 



68 

Table 43. — Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained 
for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 210. 



Kind of food material. 



Beef, chuck steak 

Mutton 

Pork: 

Head-cheese 

Loin 

Bacon "... 

Boiled ham 

Fish: 

Clam chowder 

Salmon 

Weakfish 

Sturgeon 

Butter 

Milk 

Bread 

Rye bread 

Cake 

Doughnuts 

Rolls 

Sugar 

Green vegetables: Heaii 

greens, and onions 

Potatoes 

Sauerkraut 

Tomatoes, canned 

I 



Price per 
pound. 



In 1 pound. 



Amounts bought for 10 cents. 



Fiiel 
value. 



Total 
food. 



CcnU. 
9.3 
11.8 

10.0 
10.0 
10.0 
20.0 

5.0 

10.0 

5.0 

20.0 

24.0 

2.3 

4.1 

4.3 

10.0 

5.0 

6.7 

5.3 

3.5 
2.2 
4.4 
4.0 



Pound. 

0.166 

.192 

.195 
.134 
.091 
. 202 

,018 
.195 
. 08G 
.193 
.010 
.033 
. 092 
.090 
.003 
.067 
.090 



Calorics. 

735 

1,560 

1,790 
1.270 
2, 795 
1,320 

195 

680 

205 

950 

3,605 

325 

1,215 

1,180 

. 1,675 

2,000 

1,300 

1,860 



.022 
.017 
. 012 



385 
125 
105 



Pounds. 
1.08 

.85 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

.50 

2.00 
1.00 
2. 00 
..50 
.42 
4.35 
2.44 
2.33 
1.00 
2.00 
1.50 
1.89 

2.86 
4.55 
2.25 
2.50 



Protein. 



Pound. 

0.18 

.14 

.20 
.14 
.09 
.10 

.04 
.20 
.17 
.09 



Fuel 
value. 



Calories. 

790 

1,315 

1,790 

1,275 

2, 800 

655 

380 

680 

415 

475 

1,505 

1,385 

2,935 

2, 760 

1,675 

4,015 

1,950 

3,545 

885 

1,755 

280 

260 



Total 
amount 

ex- 
pended 
during 
study. 



Ccnls. 



Among- the least econoiuical foods in this study may ])o mentioned 
boiled ham at 20 cents a pound, clam chowder at 10 cents a quart, 
sturgeon at 20 cents a pound, cake at 10 cents a pound, sauerkraut at 
10 cents a <|uart. and canned tomatoes at 8 cents a can. The most eco- 
nomical food Avas bread. ))ut even this might have been purchased 
cheaper, judging ])y the facts brought out in other studies. 

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION. 



The tinaucial ciriumstances of the families included in the dietary 
studies here reported varied wideh'. The regular income of one 
family was such that they might be called comfortably well-to-do; a 
few others had means at least sufficient for their actual needs, while 
there were some whose total income during- the period of study was 
not equal to the cost of food alone. The large majority of them 
were in such circumstances that in all their purchases it was neces.sarv 
that every cent should count. The results of the studies show a wide 
difference, however, in the ability of the families to make the most of 
the means at their disposal; some of them obtained ample nourish- 
ment at a reasonable cost, while others for the same or even a larger 
expenditure were not sufficiently nourished. A number of the poorer 
families were especiall}' undernourished, but some of them obtained 
much more nutriment for the mone}^ expended than did others. It is 
interesting to compare the studies in these respects. 



G9 



PECUNIARY ECONOMY OF FOOD PURCHASED. 

In the di.scu.sision of the .studies in the preceding' piige«, some tables 
have been given showing the amounts of protein and energ}' obtained 
for 10 cents in the different food materials used. The studies for- 
which such tables were provided are believed to be more or less typ- 
ical, so that the remarks made concerning the econonn* of the pur- 
chases may be applied in a general way to all the studies. In order to 
show the variations in the prices paid by different families for similar 
food materials, and especially to illustrate the relative value and 
economy of different materials as sources of pi'otcin and energy, these 
tallies are summarized here. 

Table 44. — Cost jxr 'pound oiul protrlu (nxj fnergj/ in 10 cents' vorth of various food 
viaterlah in so))ie tijpU'al dietary studies. 



Food miUcrials 



Beef: 

Chopped 

Sirloin 

Do 

Flank 

Fore shank 

Do 

Hind shank . . . 

Shank 

Neck 

Chuck steak . . . 

Do 

Do 

Round 

Do 

Skirting 

Stew piece 

Corned 

Corned, canned 

Liver 

Tripe, pickled . 

Suet 

Veal: 

Chops 

Do 

Cutlets 

Lamli chops 

Mutton: 

Chops 

Leg 

Neck 

Stew piece 

Side 

Pork: 

Chops 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Loin 

Do 

Head-cheose . . . 

Trimmings 

Ham, smoked . . 

Do 

Ham, boiled ... 

Bacon 

Do 

Salt 

Do 

Feet 

Lard 

Sausage, Frankfurt 

Chicken 

Do 



Dietary 

study! 



186 
1.5-1 
186 
161 
161 
186 
178 
172 
172 
178 
200 
210 
200 
186 
200 
200 
17.S 
161 
172 
178 
186 

1.54 
186 
186 
161 

161 
172 
172 
200 
21 U 

161 
172 
186 
200 
178 
210 
210 
178 
1.54 
186 
210 
172 
210 
161 
172 
172 
186 
200 
154 
186 



Price 
paid per 
pound. 



Amount for 10 cents. 



Total 
weight. 



Cents. 
10.0 
17.6 

1)5. 

8.0 



4.6 
4.0 
8.0 
10.9 
10.0 
9.3 
11.5 
12.0 
5.0 
8.0 
5.2 
20.0 
8.0 
5.0 
5.0 

12.2 
12. 5 
14.0 
13.7 

18. 5 
7 2 
4.1 
8.0 

11.8 

11.2 
10.0 
9.6 
9.4 

10.0 

10.0 

8.0 

12.0 

20.0 

20.0 

12. 

10.0 

7.0 

9. s 

6.0 

6.0 

10.0 

11.9 

16.0 



1.00 



1.25 
1.79 
l.:57 
2.17 
2. .50 
1.25 

.92 
1.00 
1.08 

.87 

.83 
2.00 
1.25 
1.92 

..50 
1.25 
2.00 
2.00 



Energy. 



42 
59 
97 

104 
8« 
94 

109 
82 
69 
75 
81 
75 
73 

146 
55 

1.59 
64 

117 

106 
41 



.82 


74 


.80 


73 


.71 


64 


.73 


62 


..54 


39 


l.;59 


95 


2. 22 


123 


1. 25 


77 


. 85 


62 


.90 


67 


1.00 


61 


1.04 


77 


1.06 


65 


1 . 30 


97 


1.00 


61 


1.00 


89 


1.25 


28 


.83 


54 


..50 


32 


..50 


46 


..H3 


35 


LOO 


41 


1.43 


12 


1 . 02 


9 


1.67 


120 


1.67 




1 . DO 


89 


.84 


74 


.63 


,54 



Calorie.". 
.S95 
.5-55 
760 

1,400 
975 
745 
870 

1,005 
970 
675 
72b 
790 
775 
745 

2, 075 
505 

2,6.50 
560 
720 
545 

7,080 

675 
660 
495 

1, 120 

915 
1, 245 
2, 180 
1, 805 
1,315 

1,410 
1,265 
1,645 
1, 355 
2,04.^ 
1, 275 
1,790 
3, 5:^5 
1, 395 
835 
6.55 
2,330 
2,800 
5, 2.50 
3, 765 
2,&50 
7, 035 
1, 165 
890 
655 



Table 44. 



70 

-Cost per pound and protein and energy in 10 cents' worth of various food 
materials in some typical dietary studies — Continued. 



Food materials. 



Fish: 

Cod, salt 

Do 

Cod, fresh 

Cod, fresh (assumed as cod). 

Shad 

Bluefish 

Herring 

Salmon 

Weakfish 

Sturgeon 

Herring, smoked 

Salmon, canned 

Sardines 

Clam chowder 

Ovsters 

Butter 

Do 



Milk. 



Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do- 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Milk, condensed. 

Do 

Do 

Cheese 

Do 

Eggs 

Do 

Flour 

Do 

Bread 

Do 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Bread, rye 

Do 

Do 

Biscuit, soda .. 
Crackers, soda. 
Rolls, water ... 

Rolls 

Do 

Cake 

Cake, mixed... 

Cake 

Do 

Buns 

Doughnuts 

Pie, apple 

Do 

Sugar 

Do 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Cornmeal 

Rice 

Do 

Oatmeal 

Macaroni 

Do 

Vermicelli 

Green vegetables. 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Dietary 
study. 



Price 
paid per 
pound. 



Amount for 10 cents. 



Total 
weight. 





Cents. 


Pounds. 


186 


6.0 


1.67 


17S 


8.0 


1.25 


1,'>4 


14.8 


.68 


172 


6.2 


1.61 


186 


10.0 


1.00 


172 


6.0 


1.67 


178 


5.4 


1.85 


210 


10.0 


1.00 


210 


5.0 


2.00 


210 


20.0 


.,50 


154 


10.0 


1.00 


161 


20. 


.50 


161 


6.0 


1.67 


210 


5.0 


2.00 


1,54 


9.1 


1.10 


154 


17.1 


.59 


161 


18.6 


.54 


172 


21.9 


.46 


178 


18.4 


.54 


186 


20.0 


.50 


200 


22.5 


.44 


210 


24.0 


.42 


154 


2.6 


3.85 


161 


2.7 


3.70 


172 


2.3 


4.35 


178 


3.2 


3.13 


186 


2.3 


4.36 


210 


2.3 


4.35 


161 


7.3 


1.37 


172 


10.0 


1.00 


200 


6.8 


1.47 


1,54 


14.3 


.70 


186 


17.0 


.59 


154 


13.1 


.76 


186 


10.6 


.94 


172 


2.4 


4.17 


178 


2.8 


3.57 


154 


4.4 


2.27 


161 


2.6 


3.85 


172 


4.6 


2.17 


178 


2.1 


4.76 


186 


4.6 


2. 17 


200 


3.9 


2. 56 


210 


4.1 


2.44 


161 


3.0 


3.33 


200 


5.0 


2.00 


210 


4.3 


2.33 


161 


3.3 


3.00 


161 


4.7 


2. 14 


172 


5.3 


1.89 


200 


5.7 


1.75 


210 


6.7 


1.50 


154 


9.5 


1.05 


161 


5.0 


2.00 


186 


12.0 


.83 


210 


10.0 


1.00 


178 


4.4 


2.27 


210 


5.0 


2.00 


161 


20.0 


.50 


186 


10.0 


1.00 


154 


5.3 


1.89 


161 


5.5 


1.82 


172 


4.6 


2.17 


178 


5.7 


1.75 


186 


4.8 


2.08 


200 


5.9 


1.70 


210 


5.3 


1.89 


186 


4.0 


2.50 


154 


8.0 


1.25 


186 


6.2 


1.61 


161 


2.3 


4.35 


154 


6.0 


1.67 


186 


6.2 


1.61 


186 


9.0 


1.11 


154 


4.6 


2.17 


161 


2.4 


4.17 


172 


.8 


12.50 


178 


1.6 


6.25 



Protein. Energy, 



Grams. 

145 

108 
60 
81 
86 
76 

163 
89 
78 
43 
93 
49 

179 
16 
30 



68 

,55 

64 

47 

64 

64 

,55 

40 

69 

82 

68 

61 

69 

211 

185 

95 

190 

91 

233 

91 

107 

101 

136 

82 

96 

127 

95 

76 

77 

61 

30 

58 

23 

28 

84 

60 

8 

14 



104 

46 

.59 

320 

101 

100 

54 

13 

27 

66 

97 



Calories. 

525 

460 

215 

460 

750 

350 

1,215 

680 

415 

475 

755 

450 

1,.580 

380 

260 

2, 105 

l,y35 

1,615 

1,960 

. 1,800 

1,600 

1, 505 

1,250 

1,180 

1,385 

1,020 

1,415 

1,385 

2,090 

1,515 

2,235 

1,360 

1,145 

645 

680 

6, 820 

6,975 

2,745 

4,820 

2,640 

5,920 

2,640 

3,110 

2, 935 

3,940 

2, 365 

2,760 

5, 185 

4,130 

2,440 

2, 575 

1,950 

1,760 

3, 365 

1,395 

1,675 

3,325 

4,015 

610 

1,270 

3,485 

3,380 

4,020 

3, 280 

3,875 

3, 155 

3, 485 

4,140 

2,030 

2,630 

8,136 

2,780 

2,686 

1,805 

280 

575 

1,620 

1,865 



71 



Table 44. — Cost per pound and protein and energy in 10 cents' worth of various food 
materials in some typical dietary studies — Continued. 



Food materials. 



Green vegetables. 

Do 

Potatoes 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Fruits 

Do 

Sauerkraut 

Tomatoes, canned 

Do 

Do 

Corn, canned 

Beans, dried 

Do 

Cabbage 

Greens, dandelion 

Greens " 

Onions 

Pickles 

Spinach 

Tomatoes 

Jelly 

Nuts 

Cocoa 

Olive oil 



Dietary 
study. 



200 
210 
154 

161 
172 

178 
186 
200 
210 
154 
161 
210 
154 
200 
210 
200 
178 
186 
186 
186 
186 
l,x6 
186 
186 
186 
186 
186 
186 
186 



Price 
paid per 
pound. 



Amount for 10 cents. 



Total 
weight. 



Cents. 
7.0 
3.5 
3.2 
2.0 
1.1 
1.3 
1.3 
1.0 
2.2 
9.3 
5.3 
4.4 
3.9 
8.0 
4.0 
6.7 
3.7 
5.0 
1.5 
8.5 
5.5 
5.0 
10.0 
8.0 
3.8 
10.7 
10.0 
22.0 
25. 



Pounds. 
1.43 
2.86 
3.13 
5.00 
9.10 
7.69 
7.69 
10.00 
4. .55 
1.08 
1.88 
2. 25 
2. 55 
1.25 
2. 50 
1.50 
2.70 
2.00 
6.67 
1.18 
1.82 
2.00 
1.00 
1.25 
2.63 
.93 
1.00 
.45 
.40 



Protein. Energy. 



Grams. 

8 
45 
32 
51 
95 
77 
77 
100 
45 

5 

8 
18 
14 

6 
14 
19 
273 
204 
41 
14 
36 
14 

5 
14 

9 

9 
36 
45 



Calories. 

210 

885 

1,220 

1,975 

3, 695 

2,%0 

2,960 

3, 875 

1,755 

280 

495 

280 

265 

130 

260 

680 

4,280 

3,210 

835 

335 

400 

410 

110 

140 

275 

1,460 

1,600 

1,055 

1,690 



The beef used by the different families included in this table varied 
from canned corned beef at 20 cents a pound in one stud}^ to beef 
shank at 4 cents in another, and the (juantity of protein and energy 
obtained for 10 cents ranged from 159 grams and 2,650 calories, 
respectively, in corned beef (not canned) at 5.2 cents per pound to 
42 grams of protein and 555 calories of energy in sirloin steak at 17.6 
cents per pound. When the quantities of both protein and energy 
obtained are taken into account, this sirloin steak was perhaps the 
most expensive meat purchased. 

A characteristic difference l^etween beef and pork is well illustrated 
by the figures in the table, the pork, as a rule, furnishing considerably 
less protein and considerably more energy for 10 cents than beef. 

The price paid for fish and shellfish ranged from 5 cents a pound for 
weakfish and clam chowder to 20 cents a pound for sturgeon and canned 
salmon. The fish most economically purchased was canned sardines 
at 5 cents a pound, furnishing 179 grams of protein and 1,580 calo- 
ries of energy for 10 cents. The lea.st economical purchase was clam 
chowder at 5 cents a pound (10 cents a quart), furnishing 16 grams of 
protein and 380 calories of energy for 10 cents. 

The price paid for butter varied from 17.1 to 21 cents a pound, and 
the energy in 10 cents' worth from 2,105 calories at the lower price to 
1,505 calories at the higher price. 

]Milk was purchased at prices for actual delivery ranging from 4.6 



72 

to 6.4 a quart, and constituted a fairly economical source of ])oth pro- 
tein and energy. 

The price at which sugar was purchased varied from 4.6 to 5.9 cents 
per pound, with corresponding differences in the fuel value of 10 cents' 
worth, ranging from 4,020 to 8,155 calories. 

The greater number of the families studied used little or no flour, 
but the majorit}' of them purchased considerable quantities of ])akers' 
goods. It is interesting to note in the studies summarized in the table 
the differences in the price paid foi" such articles. In 10 cents' worth 
of stale bread for 2.1 cents a pound one famih' obtained 233 grams of 
protein and 5,920 calories of energy, while another family paid 5 cents 
a pound for rj'e bread, and obtained for 10 cents only 82 grams of pro- 
tein and 2,365 calories. The price paid for cake varied from 5 cents 
to 10 cents a pound, with corresponding differences in the quantities 
of protein and energy in 10 cents"' worth. Bun^ at 4.4 cents a pound 
were fiiirly economical food, while pie at 20 cents a pound furnished 
comparatively little nutriment for the money. 

The family which made this latter purchase, however, obtained many 
of their food materials at very reasonable rates, and the pie, of which 
only a small amount was purchased, was probably deemed a deserved 
luxury. This same family obtained protein and energy very econom- 
ical h' in oatmeal at 2.3 cents a pound. It is interesting to note the 
difference between the nutrients in oatmeal at this price and in rice 
at 6 cents a pound, or in almost any of the other food materials 
included in the table. At such a price oatmeal undoubtedly consti- 
tuted one of the most, if not the most, economical sources of nutriment 
noted in these dietary studies. 

The amounts of protein and energy in green vegetables, such as 
onions, soup greens, green corn, and the like, are small. While vege- 
tables are more or less of a necessity, in order to provide bulk, to sup- 
ply the body Avith mineral salts, and to add to the palatability and 
attractiveness of the diet, these purposes could probably be served as 
well by a small as by a great variety. It is a question, therefore, 
whether it was wise under the circumstances to purchase green vege- 
tables in such variety as was observed in some of the studies. The 
amount of money spent for soup greens by some families Avas out of 
all proportion to their food value. They contain practicall\' no nutri- 
ment, and as flavoring materials they were rather expensive at the 
prices paid; that is to sav. it is possible to season soups so that they 
are palatable with condiments, etc., which cost less. For instance, 
celery seed could probably be used at less cost than the fresh vege- 
table. The matter is important chiefly as an illustration of the fact 
that the practice which is easiest may not be the most economical. It 
requires more thought and more knowledge to use the less common 
kitchen condiments, which would in the end be cheaper, than to buy 
and use the soup greens. 



73 

Coniparatively few of the fiimilios studied made use of such econom- 
ical materials as tlie dried le^i^-umos in their diet. In the two instances 
included in the above table the price paid per pound by one family 
was 8.7 cents, while another paid 5 cents. Even at the latter })rice 
there was ten to fifteen times as much protein and energy obtained for 
10 cents as there was in canned coi-n, canned tomatoes, or g-i-een veg'c- 
tables that were used l)y so many of the families. The economy in 
the use of the dried legumes and the cereals has been repeatedly 
pointed out on preceding- pages, especially as substitutes for the very 
uneconomical materials mentioned. It has also lieen sug-g-ested that 
thev might very readily take the place of at least a part of the meat 
that is so generally considered a necessity ]\v the laboring classes. They 
supply the same ingredient, protein, as the meat and at a much lower 
cost. 

As will be seen from the tal)le, potatoes were purchased at prices 
ranging from 1 cent to 8.2 cents per pound, with a corresponding range 
of 100 to 32 grams of protein and 3,875 to 1,220 calories of energy in 
the amounts o])tained for 10 cents. 

Canned tomatoes, which seems to have been a favorite food mate- 
rial with many of the families studied, constituted one of the most 
costly sources of ])oth protein and energy. Under the circumstances, 
perhaps this food product should be regarded principally as an appe- 
tizer since undoubtedl}' it rendered the diet more palatable and accept- 
able and thus doulitless increased the consumption of bread or other 
food of less marked flavor. Under some circumstances, when used 
in this way, it perhaps need not be considered as an expensive dish. 
Its use l>v families so poor and so undernourished as some of those 
included in these studies certainly seems unwise, as it simply took 
the place of other materials very much more nutritious and not unpala- 
table which could have been purchased for the same sum. 

SUMMARY OF AMOUNTS OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY IN FOOD 
CONSUMED PER MAN PER DAY. 

The relative economy of the different dietaries may ho shown ])y a 
comparison of the cost and the quantities of nutrients and energy 
per man per day in each. Results of the studies reported in this bul- 
letin are thus summarized in Table 45, which also include for purposes 
of comparison the results of some similar studies previously reported. ** 
For convenience m comparison the results have been grouped accord- 
ing to the amounts expended for food, the basis for each group having 
been adopted arbitrarily, as follows: 

Group A includes those in which the cost per man per day is less 
than 13 cents. 

« IJ. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bnl. 46. 



74 



Group B includes studies in which the cost per man per da>' ranged 
from 13 to 16 cents. 

Group C includes studies in which the cost per man per day ranged 
from 17 to 20 cents. 

Group D includes studies in which the cost per man per day ranged 
from 21 to 23 cents. 

Group E includes studies in which the cost per man per day ranged 
from 25 to 28 cents. 

Group F includes studies in which the cost per man per da}^ was 
more than 28 cents. 

The results of each group have then been averaged together, and 
the averages compared with one another. In the last group, however, 
the variation in cost and in amounts of nutrients and energy obtained 
is rather too wide to include the individual families in an average that 
could be taken as representative of an}^ class. 

Table 45. — Summari/ of results of dietary studies made in Neiv York City. 



Diet- 
ary 

No. 




Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


48 


Group A. — Studies in ivhich the cost per man 
per day was less than 1$ cents. 


Cents. 
9 
9 
10 
10 
11 

11 
12 
12 
12 


Grams. 
67 
86 
86 
64 
67 
65 
94 
88 
58 
84 


Grams. 
41 
79 
76 
81 
69 
75 
105 
113 
58 
93 


Grams. 
237 
285 
368 
213 
285 
188 
257 
198 
346 
328 


Calories. 

1,585 


178 


Longshoreman's family 


2 '2.55 


185 


Laborer's family 


2,570 
1,8P0 


158 


Plumber's family 


200 


Painter's family 


2,085 


210 


Housekeeper's family 


1,735 


15.3 
195 


Longshoreman's family 

Stableman's family 


2,415 
2, •225 


196 




2, 195 


197 


Huckster's family 


2,5.55 




Ayerage of 10 studies 






11 


75 


79 


•271 


2, 151 




Group B.— Studies in which the cost per man 
per day ranged from 13 to 16 cents. 

Caryer's family 




37 


13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
14 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 


• 87 
89 

113 
98 
79 
94 

102 
87 
81 

101 

127 
95 
95 
72 
79 
84 

119 
85 

105 


89 

78 

108 

83 

74 

116 

128 

96 

109 

145 

98 

90 

113 

98 

1-25 

114 

91 

88 

104 


262 
2% 
356 
337 
346 
391 
462 
296 
355 
446 
446 
397 
303 
314 
347 
•227 
463 
309 
3^29 


2, •2.55 


167 


Carpenter's family 


2,305 


171 


Tanner's family 


2, 925 


177 


Truekman's family 


2, 555 


187 


Watchman's family 


2,430 


170 




3, 065 


172 




3, .505 


34 




2, 465 


51 


Shopkeeper's family 


2, 800 


161 




3, ,590 


183 


Sail rigger's family 


3,260 


194 




2, 855 


209 


Sailor's family 


2, 685 


35 




2, 455 


110 




•2, 910 


112 




2, 335 


1,59 




3, 230 


188 


Bookbinder's family 


2, 430 


199 




2. 715 




Average of 19 studies 






15 


94 


102 


352 


2, 779 




Group C— Studies in which the cost per man 
per day rangedjrom 17 to 20 cents. 

Sailors' boarding house 




38 


17 
17 
18 
18 
18 
19 
20 
20 


96 
95 

101 
93 
98 

123 
99 

r21 


129 
100 
106 
104 
118 
143 
125 
138 


181 
283 
296 
509 
385 
312 
327 
442 


2, 335 


162 


Longshoreman's family 


2,480 


32 




2,610 


52 


Hcuisekeeper's family. 


3, 435 


201 




3,080 


192 


Butcher's family 


3,115 


111 


Tin roofer's family 


2, 910 


180 


Carpenter's family 


3,. 590 




Ayerage of 8 studies 






18 1 


103 


1'20 


342 


2, 944 



75 



Table 45. — Summary of reiiulls of dietary studies made in Xeiv York City — Continued. 



Diet- 
ary 

No. 



166 

107 

106 

160 

206 

31 

47 

96 

108 



204 
33 
186 
193 
20.5 
168 
97 



30 
122 
154 
147 
198 
109 



Group D. — Studies in which the cost per man 
per day ranged from 21 to 25 cents. 

Carpenter's family 

Truckman's family 

Printer's family 

Truckman's family 

Caretaker's family 

Carpenter's family 

Truckman's family 

Laborer's family 

Caretakers in day nursery 

Average of 9 studies 

Group E.— Studies in which the cost per man 
per daij ranged from 25 to 28 cents. 

Waiter's family 

Sailor's family .''... 

Fruit vender's family 

Sail rigger's family 

Landlord's family 

Housekeeper's family 

Porter's family 

Average of 7 studies 

Group F. — l^tudies in which the cost per man 
per day was more than 28 cents. 

Mechanic's family 

Mission worker's family 

Cable gripman's family 

Builder's family 

Longshoreman's family 

Builder's family '. 

Average of 6 studies 



Cost. 



Cents. 
21 
22 
22 
22 
22 
23 
23 
23 
23 



Grams. 
126 
136 
116 
1'20 
107 
151 
104 
139 
1'22 



125 



113 
140 
141 
156 
141 
131 
142 



138 



Carbohy- 
! drates. 



Fuel 
value. 



<iran(s. 
135 
135 
1-24 
145 
139 
154 
1'29 
119 
158 



Grams. 
452 
.595 
364 
.397 
436 
459 
344 
345 
394 



138 



143 
145 
164 
120 
1.58 
206 
142 



153 
143 
171 
187 
•212 
204 



139 
205 
171 
•219 
334 
264 



4'20 



450 
.558 
377 
435 
479 
450 
444 



Calories. 
3, 625 
4,250 
3,120 
3,470 
3, .520 
3, 935 
3,030 
3,090 
3,585 



3,514 



.528 
.543 
460 
723 
888 
714 



3,640 
4,190 
3,6.50 
3, 540 
4,010 
4,^295 
3, 7'20 



3, 864 



4,085 
4,725 
4, 175 

5, 770 
7,615 

6, ^220 



5, 432 



As would be expected, the result.s show that the families expending 
the least for food received the least nourishment. Thus the avei'age 
of Group A shows that among the families included 11 cents provided 
but 75 grams of protein and 2,150 calories of energy, while in (iroup 
F. at an average of 38 cents, there were obtained 178 grams of protein 
and 5,432 calories of energy. The difference in amounts obtained is 
not, however, proportionate to the difference in expense. Thus in the 
average of Group A each cent expended for food purchased about <d.S 
grams of protein and lUO calories of energy, while in the average of 
Group F the amounts obtained for each cent were 4.7 grams of protein 
and 138 calories of energy, indicating that where there was less to 
spend there was greater economy in the purchase of food. 

The figures in the table also illusti-ate what has already been pointed 
out regarding the differences in the ability of different families to 
provide for themselves economically. Thus in dietary study No. 48 
there were obtained for cents a day 57 grams of protein and 1,585 
calories of energy, while for the same expenditure the family in dietar}' 
study No. 178 obtained 86 grams of protein and 2,255 calories of energy. 
On the other hand, practically the same amounts of nutrients and energy 
as in the latter case cost 12 cents for the family in dietary study No. 
105. It is interesting to observe also that the family included in dietary 



76 



stud}" No. 185 actually obtained for 10 cents more protein and energy 
than did the faniil}" in dietary stud}" No. 188 for 16 cents. Other sim- 
ilar instances of differences in the economy of food purchases mi^ht 
be cited, but the above serve to indicate how one family may be Avell 
nourished while a neighl^oring- family, expending for their food as 
much money per man per day, may be undernourished. 

In Table 16 the results of the dietary studies in New York City here 
reported have been summarized by the averages of the various groups, 
Group A representing the smallest diet and Group F the most liberal 
diet observed. For the sake of comparison the results of studies with 
other persons or groups of persons under various conditions have also 
been included, as well as the commonly accepted dietary standards 
representing the average physiological demands of persons of different 
amounts of muscular work. 

As already exi)laincd, the fuel values of these dietaries were calcu- 
lated ))y use of the old factors, which allow 4.1 calories per gram of 
protein and carbohydrates and 9.3 calories per gram of fat. In the 
following tal)le the results as thus calculated are summarized, and also 
the fuel values, as computed by use of the new factors previously 
mentioned, which are somewhat smaller, allowing 4 calories per gram 
of protein and carbohydrates and 8.9 calories per gram of fat. The 
quantities of digestible protein have also been computed and are given 
in comparison with the cjuantities of total protein in the various 
dietaries. 

Table 46. — Comparison of the results of dietary studies in New York City vith those of 
jteople in different conditions of life, and vith dietary standards. 



Cost. 



Total. 



Digest- 
ible. 



Fuel value. 



By old 
factors. 



By new 

factors. 



Group A (smallest diet found in present investiga- 
tion), average of 10 studies 

Group B, average of 19 studies 

Group C, average of 8 studies 

Group D, average of 9 studies 

Group E, average of 7 studies 

Group F (most liberal diet found in present inves- 
tigation), average of 6 studies 

Average of 17 mechanics' families 

Average of 11 farmers' families 

Average of 18 pmfessioiiiil men's families 

Average of 4 po(ir families in l'ittsl)urg 

Average of 25 Bohemian families in Chicago 

Average of .5 Unorthodox Russian Jew families in 
Chicago 

Average of 11 Orthodox Russian Jew families in 
Chicago 

Average of 4 Italian families in Chicago 

Average of 5 French-Canadian families in Chicago. . 

Average of 25 families (previously studied) in desti- 
tute circumstances in New York and eL^ewhere. . . 

DIETARY STAKDARDS. 



Cents. ; Grams. 



26 I 

15 

20 



Man without muscular exercise (Atwater) 

Man with light to moderate muscular work (At- 
water) 

Man with moderately active muscular work (At- 
water) 

Man with hard muscular work (Atwater) 

Man with very hard muscular work (Atwater) 



75 

94 

103 

125 

138 

178 
106 
102 
108 
100 
139 

144 

122 
100 
108 



90 

112 

125 
150 

175 



Grams. 

69 
86 
95 
115 
127 

164 
98 
94 
99 
92 

128 

132 

112 
92 
99 



83 

103 

115 
138 
161 



Calories. 

2,151 
2,779 
2,944 
3, 514 
3,864 

5,432 
3,4.54 
3,514 
3,406 
3,261 
3,483 

3,044 

3,041 
3,008 
3,170 

2,653 



2,450 



3,400 
4, 150 
6, .500 



Calories. 

2.087 
2,692 
2,848 
3,408 
3,747 

5, 260 
S, 343 
3,407 
3,300 
3,161 
3,376 

2,954 

2,951 
2.917 
3,067 

2,573 



'77 

The results of the studies in New York City, when compared with 
those of simihir studies and with the sug-g-ested dietary standards, 
indicate that a considerable number of the families were undernour- 
ished. Thus of the 59 families included in the summary, 2*J in Groups 
A and B averaged scarcely 9u grams of protein and 2,350 calories of 
energy per man per da}', while the 8 families in Group C were also 
somewhat below the normal in the c[uantity of protein and considera- 
bly l)elow it in the quantity of energy obtained. The 9 families in 
Group I) obtained just about what is called for Ijy the standard for a 
man at moderate work. The remaining 13 families in Groups E and 
F prol)ably obtained more than they actually needed. 

The families included in these studies in New York did not obtain 
as much nourishment for the money expended as was obtained l)y 
families in soiiiewhat similar circumstances in other places. The 4 
poor families in Pittsburg, included in the table, for 15 cents obtained 
6 grams more protein and 500 calories more energy than were obtained 
for the same sum l)y the families included in Group B. A more 
striking contrast is found in the results of the studies among the fam- 
ilies studied in Chicago, also included in the table. 

An interesting comparison can be made between the results of the 
studies in New York and those made in Edinburgh, Scotland, and 
York, England, previously mentioned, among families in very much 
the same circumstances as those of the studies reported here. Aver- 
aging the 59 studies in New York City, the diet furnished about 110 
grams of protein and 3,200 calories of energy per man per day, at a 
cost of 10 cents. The average of 16 studies of laborers' families in 
Edinburgh," carried on b}- Paton, Dunlop, and luglis, shows aljout J(H) 
grams of protein and 3,000 calories of energy per man per day, at a 
cost of 14 cents, and the average of 18 families in York,'^ studied b}' 
B. S. Rowntree, shows 95 grams of protein and 2,900 calories of 
energy per man per day, at a cost of 11 cents. 

CONCLUSION. 

While the dietary studies of the poor in the congested districts of 
New York City are still too few in number to warrant sweeping con- 
clusions, nevertheless the}' unmistakably indicate that a large portion 
of the laboring classes of those regions are undernourished. This 
condition, however, in the majority of cases was not due to a lack of 
means for obtaining sufficient nourishment; the difficulty was rather 
in the ignorance regarding the proper selection, purchase, and prepa- 
ration of food materials. There are numerous illustrations in the 
studies of the fact that it was possible for even the poorer families to 

«A Study of the Diet of Laboring Classes in Edinburgh, pp. 44-56. 
^Poverty, a Study of Town Life, pp. 394-413. 



78 

obtain sufficient nourishment at a reasonable cost. There wasseareely 
one case in which it was not easily- possible, by a more judicious selec- 
tion of food materials, to get more nutriment for the money expended 
than was ol)tained. Several instances have been pointed out in which 
some families were getting considerably more than others for the same 
expenditure. 

In a number of cases the increase in nutritive value of the diet 
could have been obtained, perhaps, only by some sacrifice of variety, 
which might have made the diet less palatable. This, however, would 
depend largely upon the skill with which the more economical food 
materials were prepared for the table. While variety in the diet under 
some circumstances helps to increase the digestibility of food materials, 
still it is a question whether the Aariety found in some of the studies 
was of any special advantage in this respect. The extent to which 
variety nuist give place to actual nutritive value in tlio selection of 
foods IS a question that must be settled by each family according to its 
circumstances. 

Suggestions regarding the improvement of the food habits of the 
city's poor can be made here only in the general way in which they 
have been given in preceding pages. What was said in this connec- 
tion in the report of the former studies in New York City" is directl}' 
applicable here. 

Fi'om the results of all the studies, both those here given and those 
previously reported, it is quite evident that what is needed among 
these families more than anything else is instruction in the way to 
make the little they have go the farthest. This can best be done by 
concrete examples, by personal visitation and supervision of the pur- 
chase and preparation of food. In this there is a wide field for the 
operations of organizations such as the one which cooperated in mak- 
ing these studies, and a considerable amount of valuable work of this 
nature has already been undertaken. 

Certain it is that improvements in the selection of food so as to 
secure more and better nutriment at less cost, in the cooking so as to 
make palatable dishes from inexpensive materials, and in the setting 
of the table so as to make it an attractive feature of home life, will be 
important means for the material and moral uplift of families like 
those whose dietary practice is described in this and the previous 
report. 

a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 46, pp. 63-65. 



APPl'XDIX. 



As was explained on page 9, the peroentages of nutrients assumed 
for the different food materials used in the dietary studies arc given in 
the table following. These are all taken from a pul)li(:'ation of this 
Office, g'iving average composition of American food materials/' Imt 
are included here in order that the present bulletin may contain all the 
data used in the computations of the results here reported. 

The numbers in parentheses g'iven in connection with each food 
material in the detailed tables of the dietary studies on the preceding 
pages correspond to the numbers in the column headed " Ref. No." 
in the table below, and the values used for calculating the amounts of 
nutrients in anv food material mav be readilv found. 



Tablk 4'; 



— Percentage composition of different food materials xised in computing the 
nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City. 



Ref. 
No. 


Kind of food material. 


Dietary studies in which used. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


1 


Beef: 

Bologna 


154,159,199,210 


Per cent. 
18.2 
14.4 
14.3 
18.3 
14.6 
28.9 
28. 2 
11.7 
13.7 
17.5 
14.3 
28.9 


Per cent. 
19.7 
19.4 
23.8 
24.7 
33.0 

M 

3.5.8 

41.9 

26.6 

22.0 

13,7 

100.0 

82.1 

18.6 

.1 

24.7 

1.9 

4.5 

4.5 

18.1 

11.9 

28. 6 

7.3 

5.3 
11.5 

9.8 
10.1 

18.0 

12.8 

6.9 


Per cent. 


2 


Corned 


170 




3 


Do 


171, 187, 18S. 197. 198, 201 

155,158,178 




4 


Corned brisket 




4a 


Corned flank 


183 




5 


Corned, canned 


177 




6 


Do 


161 




7 


Corned plate 


ItSO 




8 


Corned rib 


195 




9 


Do 


177 




10 


Corned rump 


168 




11 


Corned shoulder 


167 




12 


Cotlolene 


180,206 




13 


Drippings 


197 


4.1 

19. t> 
91.4 
14.8 
13.7 
20.7 
20.7 
14.8 
14.5 
22.3 
12.8 

9.6 
20.9 
16.4 
16.6 

18.5 
19.0 

16.4 




14 


Frankfurters 


200,206 


1 1 


15 


Gelatin 


151 




16 


Heart 


183 




17 


Kidnev 


180 




18 


Liver 


159,172 


1 5 


19 


Liver sausage 


160,166,197,199 


1 5 


20 


Meat 


200,204 




21 


Neck 


172,177,183 




22 


Roast 


195 




23 


Shank, fore 


155, 159, 160. 161, 166, 168, 177, 
180, 186, 194, 195, 198, 199, 201, 
209. 

172,178,200,209 




24 


Shank, hind 




25 


Do 


195 




26 


Shoulder 


180,185 




27 


Steak, chuck .' 

Do 


155, 158, 166, 168, 171, 177, 178, 

198,200,201,210. 
183 




28 




29 


Steak, round 

Do 


158, 159, 160, 162, 166, 167, 180, 
186, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 198, 
199,200,201,205,206. 

171 




30 





«U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 28, revised. 



79 



80 

Table 47. — Percentage composition of different food materials used in computing the 
nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City — Continued. 



Ref. 
No. 



31 
32 
33 

31 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
39a 

•10 
41 
42 
43 
43a 

43b 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

55a 

56 

57 

58 



Kind of f( od material. 



Beef— Continued. 

Steak, round, chopped. 

Steak, .skirt 

Steak, sirloin 



Do 

Steak, skirt 

Steak, skirting. 

Suet 

Tripe 

Do 

Blood 

Lamb: 

Breast 

Chops 

Leg 

Do 

Shoulder 

Mutton: 

Side 

Chops 

Do 

Do 

Leg 

Do 

Neck 

Shoulder 

Do 

Side 

Veal: 

Breast 

Chops 

Cutlets 

Hcad-eheese" 

Leg 

Loin 

Shoulder 

Pork: 

Bacon 



Dietary studies in which used. Protein. 



166,167 

209 

154, 159, 162, 166, 168, 186, 187, 

188, 192, 198, 204, 205, 206. 
167 



1.59,161,177 

IS.5.200 

I.i5, 167,186 

155, 177, 178, 19(!, 199. 

158,171 

197 



158. 
161. 
170. 
160. 
187. 



204 

160,168,200,204. 

161,177,197 

168,192 

168,171,196 

172 

172 

158 

177,192 

194,209,210 



162 

154,186,194. 

186, 193 

197 

193 

198 

170 



Chops . 
Do. 



Feet 

Feet, pickled . 

Ham, boiled.. 

Ham, smoked 

Do 



158. 159, 162, 168, 172, 183, 195, 197, 

198,201.204,210. 
1.54,158.161.178,180,183,186,194. 
1.59. 166. 171, 172,196, 198, 200,204, 

209, 210. 
172 



Head-cheese 

Loin, fresh 

Lard 

Pig's head 

Pork as fresh ham. 

Salt 

Do 

Sausage 

Sau.sage meat 

Shoulder 

Shoulder, fresh 

Shoulder, .salt 

Shoulder, smoked . 

Sparerib 

Sparerib, roast 

Trimmings 

Poultry: Chickens 

Fish: 

Bluefish. fresh 

Clams 

Clam chowder 

Cod 

Cod, boneless 

Cod, fresh 

Do 

Cod, salt 

Flounders 

Halibut 

Halibut, fresh 

Herring, fresh 

Herring, smoked . . 

Mackerel 



183 

155,"i77,'i86,"266,"2i6'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

16,*;, ISO, 195.. 

l.>4, 162, 166, 171, 186, 187, 192, 198, 
205. 206. 

205,210 , 

201 , 



155, 158, 166, 177, 186, 197, 199. 

1.55,170 

194 



161,167,170,17 

199 

171 

185 



170 

199 

171,185 

158,167,199 

206 

•155,160,170,195,206. 

178,198 

1.54,180,186.187,193. 



162,172 

158 

197,210 

193,19.5,197,206 

171 

155,162,171,172,188,192. 

154,183 

167,168,178,186,188 

199 

197 

196 

177,178 

154 

1.59 



Per cent. 
20.3 
19.7 
16.5 

13.3 
17.0 
16.1 

4.7 
11.7 
16.8 

7.5 

19.1 
18.7 
15.9 
19.2 
18.1 

13.0 
13.5 
16.0 
16.0 
18.5 
15.1 
12.3 
17.7 
13.7 
16.2 

19.5 
19.9 
20.1 



15.5 
16.6 
15.1 



16.6 
13.4 

15.8 
16.3 
20.2 
16.3 
14.2 

19.5 
13.2 



13.4 

15.3 

1.9 

7.4 

13.0 

17.4 

15.1 

12.0 

15.9 

13.0 

17.3 

16.6 

5.0 

19.3 

10.0 

10.6 

1.8 

8.4 

27.7 

11.1 

16.5 

19.0 

5.4 

18.6 

1.5.3 

19.5 

20.5 

10.2 



Fat. 



Per cent. 
13.6 
17.7 
16.1 

42.3 
19.0 
17.5 
81.8 
1.2 
8.5 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Per cent. 



23.6 
28.3 
13.6 
16.5 
29.7 

24.0 
28.3 
33.1 
24.1 

18.0 
14.7 
17.9 
19.9 
15.5 ' 
29.8 j. 

14.0 |. 

10.8 |. 

7.5 '. 



7.9 
9.0 
6.0 



30.1 
24. 2 

26. 3 
14.8 
22.4 

38.8 
33.4 

33.8 
26.0 
100.0 
41.3 
28.9 
86.2 
59.6 
44.2 
32.5 
6.0 
29.8 
32.5 
26.6 
31.1 
30.1 
65. 
16.3 

.6 
1.1 

.8 
2 

.3 

.2 

.4 

.4 

.3 

5.2 

4.4 

7.1 

8.8 

4.2 



"Composition assumed. 



81 



Table 47 .—Percentage composition of different food materials used inccnnpiding the 
nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City — Continued. 



Ref. 
No. 



99 
100 
101 

102 
103 
104 

xm 

100 
107 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
112a 
113 
114 



116 
116 
117 

118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
123a 
124 
12.5 



126 
127 
128 
129 
130 



132 
133 
134 
135 
136 

137 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 

143 

144 
14.5 
146 
147 
14.S 
149 
150 
1.51 
1.52 
153 
154 
155 
1.56 
157 
158 
1.59 
160 
161 
162 
163 



Kin<l of food material. 



Dietary studies in which used. Protein. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Fish — Continued. 

Mackerel, fresh 

Mackerel, salt . . 

Mussels, pickled 

Oysters 

Perch 

Pike 

Salmon 

Salmon, canned 
Do 

."sardines 

Shad 

Smelts 

Do 

Sturgeon 

Do 

Weaktish 

Whitetish 

Eggs 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Butter 

Buttermilk 

Cheese 

Do 

Cheese, cottage 

Cheese, Limburger . 

Cream 

Milk 

Milk, condensed . . . 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 



Cereals: 
Barley . . . 
Farina... 
Oatmeal . 
Do... 
Rice 



Flour . 



Flour, low grade. 
Flour, prepared.. 

Bread 

Bread, brown 

Bread, rye 



Do....... 

Bread, stale . 
Biscuit, soda 

Buns 

Buns, sweet . . 
Cake 



Cake, coffee 



Do 

Cake, fruit 

Cake, jelly 

Currant loaf 

Cake, sweet 

Cakes, sweet . . . 

Corn cake 

Corn meal 

Crackers 

Do 

Cracker dust . .. 
Crackers, fancy. 
Crackers, .soda. . 

Crullers 

Macaroni 

Muffins 

Pie, apple 

Pie, custard 

Pie, lemon 

Rolls, milk 



160,167 ; 

160,170 

197 

154,170,187,188.... 

193 

193 

159,187,188 

160,161 

187,210 

161,193 

186 

187 

194 

162 

210 

210 

198 

158, 159, 162, 166, 167, 168, 170, 

177, 178, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194, 

196,197,201. 

154, 204, 205, 206, 209 

155 

161, 171, 180, 183, 188, 192, 195, 

198. 199, 200. 

Used in all 

206 

205 

209 

205 

162 

198 

Used in all 

1.59,160, 101, 162, 167, 170, 171 

172, 177, 187, 192, 193, 196, 198! 

199, 200, 201, 205, 206, 209. 



177, 183, 187, 194, 198, 209 

Kw 

159, 161 , 177, 185, 197 

160,199 

1.54, 160, 180, 186, 188, 195, 196, 

197, 198, 199. 
159, 166, 167, 172, 177, 178, 180, 

193, 196, 198, 199, 204, 205, 209. 
171 



171,180,197,205. 

Used in all 

180 



1.59, 161, 167, 170, >87, 188, 193, 

200, 205, 210. 
204 



155, 158, 1.59, 161, 178, 185, 209. . . 

1.59, 160, 161 , 168, 204 

160, 167, 178, 185, 188, 194, 201. . . 

167,194 

154, 158, 159, 161, 185, 186, 188, 

194,198,201,210. 
160, 162, 193, 194, 196, 199, 200, 

201,206. 

168,196,200 

194 

168 

168... 

168 



201,20.5,206,209. 

168 

186,197 

188,201 

1.59 



199 

196 

161, 177, 185. 187, 195, 206 

166, 168, 180, 197,201,209, 210. 

1.54, 160, 170, 186, 197 

188 



159,161,186,199,201,209. 

199 

205 

16S, 170 



Per cent. 
11.6 
16.3 
8.7 
6.0 
6.6 
9.9 
19.5 
21.8 
19.5 
23.7 
18.8 
17.6 
10.1 
15.1 
19.3 
8.6 
10.6 
13.4 



14.8 
13.1 
11.9 



1.0 

3.0 

25.9 

26.1 

18.7 

23. 

2. 5 

3.3 

8. S 



8. .1 
11.0 
16.1 
16. 7 

8.0 

11.2 

14.0 
10.2 
9. 2 
.5.4 
9.0 

y. (•) 
10. 9 
9.3 
8.1 
7.9 
6.3 

7.1 

8.1 
5.9 
6.3 
6.7 
5.9 
6.3 
7.9 
9.2 

10.7 
9.7 

10.9 
7.4 
9.8 
6.7 

13.4 
7.9 
3.1 
4.2 
3.6 
8.5 



Per cent. 
3.5 
17.4 
1.1 
1.3 



7.0 

12.1 
7.5 

12.1 
9.5 
1.8 
1.0 
1.6 

14.0 
1.1 
3.0 

10.5 



Per cent. 



10.5 
9.3 
9.3 

So. 

.5 

33.7 

33.5 

27.4 

29.4 

18. 5 

4.0 

8.3 



1.1 
1.4 

7. 2 

7.3 

.3 

1.0 

1.9 
1.2 
1.3 
1.8 
.6 

.6 
1.3 
13.7 
6.9 
4.8 
9.0 



6.9 

10.9 

10.7 

7.6 

9.0 

9.0 

4.7 

1.9 

8.8 

12.1 

6.0 

13.0 

9.1 

21.0 

.9 

4.7 

9.8 

6.3 

10.1 

9.6 



4.1 
3.3 



4.8 
2.4 
2.3 
1.5 
.4 
4.5 
.5.0 
.54.1 



76. 3 
07. o 
66. 2 
79.0 

74.9 

71.2 
73.0 
53.1 
47.1 
.53. 2 

48.9 
53.6 
52.0 
54.2 
49.7 
63.3 

63. 2 

.54.2 
64.1 
65. 9 
57. 6 
64.8 
63.3 
46.3 
7.5.4 
71.9 
69.7 
72.9 
63. 7 
73.1 
.53. 1 
74.1 
46.3 
42.8 
26.1 
37.4 
.54.4 



27147— No. 116—02- 



-0 



82 

Table 47. — Percentage composition of different food materials used in computing the 
nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City — Continued. 



Kind of food material. 



217 
21 S 



220 
221 
222 
223 
224 
225 
226 
227 
228 
229 



Dietary studies in which used. 



Cereals — Continued. 

Rolls, plain 177, 180, 1S8, 193, 195, 199, 200. . 

Roll.1, Vienna 1 166, 205 

Rolls, water , 167, 168, 170, 172, 201, 205, 209, 

210. 

Rolls, wheat 206 -. . . 

Vermicelli ! 186 

Sugars, starches, and oils: 

Sugar Used in all 

Molasses 185, 209 

Cocoa 168, 186, 192, 206 



Cornstarch 
Olive oil. 
Vegetables: 
.\sparagu 
Beans ... 



Do 

Beans, string . 

Do 

Cabbage 



185, 205 
186,198. 



180, 183, 18G, 187 



Do 



154 

166,170, 17 
196. 

209,210 

155 

161 

155,158,160, 161, 162, 166, 167. 
168, 170, 172, 177, 178, 180. 187. 
183.185. 186,192, 194, 195, 198, 
; 201,205,206. 

Cabbage sprouts 187 

Carrots | 178, 187, 194 

Cauliflower : 206 

Corn 1 158, 166, 167, 170 

Corn, canned 159, 160, 161, 168, 188, 200, 209. . . 

Cucumbers 155, 206 

Do I 199, 205 

Greens I 167, 179, 186, 201, 209, 210 

Do t 166, 171,177, 180, 183, 186,187, 

194. 

Do ! 197 

Hor.se-radisli I 198 

Leeks 193 

Lettuce ' 154 

Do 197 

Onions 154, 1,55, 158, 159, 160, 161 , 166, 

167, 170, 171, 172, 186, 193, 194, 
195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201 , 205, 
1 206.209,^210. 

Do 177, 178, 180, 183, 187 

rarsle.v 18ti, 192, 199 

Parsnips 193 

Peas, canned 160, 180, 196 

Peas, dried 160, 178, 187, 197 

Peas, green j 206, 209 

Pickles, cucumber 194, 205 

Pickles, mixed i 18(i 

Potatoes Used in all 

I^otatoes, cooked 197 

Potatoes, sweet i 170 

Do 193 

Radishes 1.54, 200 

Do I 159, 205 

Rhubarb 201 

Salad I 166 

Sauerkraut ! 166, 180, 194, 210 

Scallions 

Spinach 

Tomatoes 



Tomatoes, canned 



Tomato catsup 
Turnips 



Do 

Fruits: 

Apples, dried. 
Apples 

Do 

Apple butter . 

Apricots 

Bananas 

Do 

Cherries 

Currants 

Gooseberries. . 



197 

155,186 

158. 159, 161, 162, 16(), 1(>7, 168, 

170, 171, 172, 180, 186, 187, 192, 

193, 195, 205. 
154, 158. 159, 160, 162. 177, 183, 

188. 197, 199, 200, 204, 205, 209, 

210. 

168,187 

162, 170, 171, 178, 183, 185, 192, 

194, 195, 196. 
172.199 



177 

159,170,193,194,201. 

166,168,180 

210 

20*5 

154,167 

161 

154,206 

159,101 

206 



Protein. 



Per cent. 
9.7 

8.5 
9.0 

9.4 
10.9 



2.4 
21.6 



1.8 
22.5 

4.7 
2.3 
2.1 
1.6 



4.7 
1.1 
1.6 
3.1 

2.8 

.8 

. 7 

2.4 

4.2 

1.8 
1.6 
1.0 
1.2 
1.0 
1.4 



1.6 
2.4 
1.3 
3.6 
24.6 
7.0 

.5 
1.1 
2.2 
2.5 
1.4. 
1.8 
1.3 

.9 

.4 
1.2 
1.7 
1.4 
2.1 

.9 



1.5 
1.3 



Fat. 



Per cent. 
4.2 
2.2 
3.0 



100.0 

.2 
L8 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 



1.1 
.4 
.1 

1.1 

1.2 
.2 
.2 

1.0 
.6 

.4 
.2 
.4 
.3 
.2 
.3 



.3 
1.0 
.4 
.2 
1.0 
.5 
.3 
.4 
.1 
.1 
.6 
. 7 
.1 
.1 
.4 
.3 
.5 
.5 
.3 
.4 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



1.6 


2.2 


.3 


.3 


.4 


.5 


1.2 


.1 


1 




1.3 


.6 


.8 


.4 


1.0 


.8 


1 5 




.4 


.6 



Per ce7it. 
59.9 
66.5 
54.2 

59.4 
72.0 

100.0 
69.3 
37.7 
90.0 



3.3 

59.6 

14.6 
7.4 
6.9 
5.6 

4.8 

4.3 
9.3 
4.2 
19.7 
19.0 
3.1 
2.6 
10.6 
6.3 

1.7 
11.3 
5.0 
2.9 
2.5 
8.9 



9.9 

10.6 

10.8 

9.8 

62. 

16.9 

2.7 

4.0 

18.4 

20.9 

21.9 

27.4 

5.8 

4.0 

2.2 

2.9 

3.8 

9.2 

3.2 

3.9 



12.3 

8.1 

5.7 

66.1 
10.8 
14.2 
58.5 
12.6 
22.0 
14.3 
16.7 
12.8 
9.9 



R Mr '07 



83 

Table 47. — Percentage comjjosHion of different food materials used in computing the 
nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City — Continued. 



Ref. 
No. 



230 
231 
232 
233 
234 
235 
23t) 
237 
238 
239 
240 
241 
242 
243 



Kind of food material 



Dietary studies in which used. 



Protein. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Fruits— Continued. 

Grape.s 

Jelly 

Jelly, currant 

Lcnmns 

Mnstaiielon 

Fcaclics, preserved 

!V;us 

Prunes 

Raisins 

Strawberries 

Raspberry jam 

Watermelon 

Nuts 

Beer 



167 

1%, 19S 

160, l.SO,lWi.... 
168,205,206.... 

161 

206 

1.59 

168,187,188,198 

198 

154,201,20.5,206 

•206 

206 

186 

204 



• cent. 

1.0 

1.2 

.2 

.7 

.6 



2.1 
2.3 

.9 
1.2 



Per cent. 
1.2 



7.1 
.5 



3.0 
.6 



.1 
31.5 



Per cent. 
14.4 
59.8 
67.5 

5.9 

9.3 
10.8 
12.7 
73.3 
68.5 

7.0 
59.8 

2.7 

, 6.7 

11.5 







LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




014 424 442 4 






